Chinese Instruments (乐器) – Part Three
Posted on 23. Sep, 2011 by sasha in Culture, music, Uncategorized
It’s been a very musical month here at Transparent Chinese. So far, we’ve learned about plucked string instruments, such as the Gu Qin, bowed string instruments, such as the Er Hu, Chinese drumming, bells, and the Dizi flute. Now, it’s time to learn more about the family of instruments that the Dizi belongs to – the bamboo (竹 – zhú) instruments.
Chinese Flute – Xiao
A few different variations of the Xiao.
The Xiao (箫 - xiāo) is a vertical end-blown flute made from purple bamboo that has a lower pitch than the Dizi. Before the Tang Dynasty (唐朝 – Táng cháo) (618-907) , the term xiao referred to the Chinese panpipes. After the Tang, however, this term came to be associated specifically with these vertical end-blown flutes. Another term commonly used (especially in Taiwan) is Dongxiao (洞箫 – dòng xiāo) – dong meaning “hole.” This term came to be used to differentiate this style of instrument from the panpipes, which have no holes. Modern xiao have either six or eight holes, and are usually pitched in the key of G, with the lowest note being a D. This instrument produces soft and gentle tones and is suitable for solo performances, as well as duets with the Guqin zither.
A peaceful Xiao performance floating down a river.
A Xiao duet with a Guzheng.
Chinese Oboe – Guan
A Northern style Guanzi.
The Chinese Guan (管 – guǎn – lit. “tube” or “pipe”) is a double-reed wind instrument. This instrument differs depending on which region of China you’re in. Up north, it’s known as the Guanzi (管子 – guǎn zi) or Bili (筚篥 – bì lì) and is made from hardwood. Down south, it’s called the Houguan (喉管 – hóu guǎn - lit. “throat gun”), and it became very popular in Cantonese opera during the 1920s. Usually, the guan has seven frontal finger holes and one thumb hole. The length of a traditional guan varies from 7 inches (18 cm) to 13 inches (33 cm), or up to 50 cm for a large Cantonese houguan. This style has a range of about one octave, while the Northern guanzi has a range of two and a half octaves, due to its overblowing technique. It’s believed that this instrument originates from Northwestern China – the area that is now Xinjiang (新疆 – Xīn jiāng). It was very important in court and ritual music during the Tang Dynasty. Later, it became popular in the drum and wind (鼓吹 – gǔ chuī) folk ensembles. These days, it is also used in Beijing opera to depict military scenes. This traditional instrument has a very peculiar tone and is often used to add special colors to ensemble and orchestral music.
A Guanzi duet with a piano.
Chinese Free-Reed Pipe – Bawu
The popular Bawu.
While the Bawu (巴乌 – bā wū) might be shaped like a flute, it is in fact a free-reed instrument, with a single metal reed. It is played in a traverse (horizontal) manner, and it originates from Southwest China’s Yunnan Province (云南省 – Yún nán shěng), which is home to many of China’s ethnic minorities. In Southern Chinese mythology, there is a fantastic story associated with this instrument:
“Two young Hanis fell in love with each other and in one day a demon grabbed the girl. Then the demon cut off her tongue, and threw her into the deep mountains. Following the advice from a bird, that bamboo can talk, the girl made an instrument from bamboo pouring out her misfortune through it. On hearing her sad voice the villagers came to kill the demon and relieved the girl.”
A Bawu maker at work.
The Bawu is know found all throughout China, and its rich, mellow tone has become a favorite with composers of film soundtracks. You might recognize the sound of this ancient instrument, as it was featured heavily in “Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon” (卧虎藏龙 – wò hǔ cáng lóng). In recent years, the Bawu has become popular with European composers, proving that ancient Chinese instruments are as relevant today as they were thousands of years ago.
A solo Bawu performance.
A very interesting variation of the traditional Bawu.
Being the first one to say hai right here! Hehehe~~~~