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French Language – Animate Nouns and Gender Posted by on Dec 11, 2008 in Grammar

We could say that there are six different types of nouns: animate nouns (people, animals), inanimate nouns (things, ideas), proper nouns (such as cities and names), common nouns (such as avenue, liberté), simple nouns (such as fourchette, papier, ami) and compound nouns (such as croque-monsieur, boîte aux lettres).  Today, we’re going to talk about animate nouns and gender.  Gender??  Yes, that infamous grammar point that often makes foreign languages seem oh so foreign to English speakers.  As you will see, there’s not much you can do but memorize the gender for each noun. 

That said, the general rule is that you add an -e to the written form of the masculine animate noun.  If that means you have two e’s at the end of the word, then you must put an acute accent mark on the first one or you may have to double the consonant before adding the final -e.  For example:

un employé  – une employée (an employee)
un étudiant  – une étudiante (a student) 

There are also many nouns that end in -e in the masculine form and you don’t change them at all in the feminine form…you just have to pay attention to the article in order to determine the person or animal’s gender.

For example:
un artiste  – une artiste (an artist)
un collègue – une collègue (a colleague)
un enfant – une enfant (a child)
un touriste – une touriste (a tourist)
un secrétaire – une secrétaire (a secretary)
un aide – une aide (an assistant)
un ministre – une ministre (a minister) 

Many times, the prononciation of the word does not change at all.  However, there are some cases, as when the -e is added after a -d, -t, -ois, -ais, -er, -ier and you have to pronounce that final consonant that isn’t pronounced in the masculine form.  Also, you many have to add a grave accent mark.  Here are some examples:

un marchand – une marchande (a shopkeeper)
un avocat – une avocate (a lawyer)
un bourgeois – une bourgeoise (a middle-class person)
un Anglais – une Anglaise (an Englishman/Englishwoman)
un boulanger – une boulangère (a breadmaker)
un boucher – une bouchère (a butcher)
un infirmier – une infirmière (a nurse)
un chat – une chatte (a cat)
un martyr – une martyre (a martyr)

In the feminine form, final n’s are sometimes doubled and always pronounced when adding the -e to –(i)en or -on.  For example:
un chien – une chienne (a dog)
un lion – une lionne (a lion)
un Européen – une Européenne (a European)
un espion – une espionne (a spy) 

Other times, final n’s are not doubled, but still pronounced when adding the -e to -in, -ain, -an as for example:
un cousin – une cousine (a cousin)
un Mexicain – une Mexicaine (a Mexican)
un Persan – une Persane (a Persian)
**But an exception where you do in fact double the n is un paysan – une paysanne (a peasant). 

And with some nouns, the whole final syllable is modified when making them feminine which includes a pronunciation change.  This happens when the final syllable for the masculine noun ends in -eur, -f, and sometimes -e.  Here are some examples:
un menteur – une menteuse (a liar)
un directeur – une directrice (a director)
un conducteur – une conductrice (a driver)
un acteur – une actrice (an actor – an actress)
un danseur – une danseuse (a dancer)
un veuf – une veuve (a widower – a widow)
un fugitif – une fugitive (a fugitive)
un tigre – une tigresse (a tiger)
un hôte – une hôtesse (a host – a hostess)
un maître – une maîtresse (a master – a mistress or a teacher)
un dieu – une déesse (a god – a goddess)
un âne – une ânesse (a donkey) 

Some feminine versions of animate nouns are completely different as is the case with :
un homme – une femme (a man – a woman)
un oncle – une tante (an uncle – an aunt)
un neveu – une nièce (a nephew – a niece)
un cheval – une jument (a horse – a mare)
un frère – une sœur (a brother – a sister)
un père – une mère (a father – a mother)
un taureau – une vache (a bull – a cow)
un cochon – une truie (a hog – a sow) 

Some animate nouns either have no masculine version or no feminine version.  In other words, regardless of whether or not the person or animal is male or female, there is only one gender you can use for that noun in French.    Here are just a few examples:
un auteur  (an author)
un amateur (an amateur)
un compositeur (a composer)
un architecte (an architect)
un chef (a chef)
un chirurgien (a surgeon)
un écrivain (a writer)
un ingénieur (an engineer)
un témoin (a witness)
un juge (a judge)
un magistrat (a magistrate)
un médecin (a doctor)
un sculpteur (a sculptor)
une victime (a victim)
une souris (a mouse)
une grenouille (a frog) 

In these cases, if you wish to specify the gender, then you can add femme or homme before the noun. For example, un homme victime, une femme auteur

Finally, there are animate nouns that have the very same stem for both genders, but different endings, such as:
un compagnon – une compagne (a companion)
un héros – une héroïne (a hero – a heroine)
un serviteur – une servante (a servant) 

En résumé :

Masculine            Feminine

-i

-ie

-ée

-u

-ue

-l

-le

-d

-de

-t

-te

-ois

-oise

-ais

-aise

-er

-ère

-ier

ière

-(i)en

-(i)enne

-on

-onne

-in

-ine

-ain

-aine

-an

-ane

-teur

-teuse

-teur

-trice

-eur

-euse

-f

-ve

-e

-esse

 

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Comments:

  1. Bricomac:

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