{"id":14472,"date":"2017-06-22T13:05:42","date_gmt":"2017-06-22T13:05:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/?p=14472"},"modified":"2017-06-22T13:05:42","modified_gmt":"2017-06-22T13:05:42","slug":"imperfective-mood-in-arabic-dialects","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/imperfective-mood-in-arabic-dialects\/","title":{"rendered":"Imperfective Mood in Arabic Dialects"},"content":{"rendered":"

Dialects \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0647\u064e\u062c\u064e\u0627\u062a<\/strong> exist in all world languages. A distinctive feature of a dialect \u0644\u064e\u0647\u0652\u062c\u064e\u0629<\/strong> is the variation in pronunciation, word-formation and -usage, and grammar from the standard form. For Arabic, dialectal variation is, in my book, normally overstated. To defend my view, I will dedicate a few instructional posts for it once I am done with \u2018Verb Forms\u2019. For now, I highlight the main differences in imperfective moods from Modern Standard Arabic (MSA).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Image by maroccz on flickr.com<\/p><\/div>\n

Explained in an earlier post<\/a>, you now should know what mood<\/em> is and why it is critical that you be aware of it. Like in Standard Arabic, we know the mood<\/em> in modern Arabic dialects through structural hints, i.e. certain particles or prefixes. Since my knowledge of Maghreb dialects is a bit shaky, I focus on Eastern Arabic dialects\u2014Egyptian\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0635\u0652\u0631\u0650\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629<\/strong> , Levantine \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0645\u0650\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629<\/strong>, and Gulf \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064e\u0644\u0650\u064a\u0652\u062c\u0650\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Egyptian Dialect (ED) \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0647\u0652\u062c\u064e\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0650\u0635\u0652\u0631\u0650\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629:<\/span> <\/strong><\/p>\n

Indicative mood<\/em> in ED is expressed using the prefix \u0628\u0650\u0640<\/strong> which is added to the present form of the verb. What is the present form of the verb? It is the same as the present form of the verb in MSA except that the diacritical mark accompanying the prefix of the present is always kasrah <\/em>rather than fatHah <\/em>or dhammah, <\/em>as in these examples:<\/p>\n

MSA (present form)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ED (present form)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ED (indicative<\/em>)<\/p>\n

\u064a\u064e\u0634\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0628<\/strong> \u2018he drinks\u2019\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u064a\u0650\u0634\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0628<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0628\u0650\u064a\u0650\u0634\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0628 <\/strong>\u2018is drinking\u2019<\/p>\n

\u062a\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0627\u0645<\/strong> \u2018she sleeps\u2019 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062a\u0650\u0646\u064e\u0627\u0645<\/strong> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0628\u0650\u062a\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0627\u0645<\/strong> \u00a0\u2018is sleeping\u2019<\/p>\n

\u0646\u064e\u0642\u064f\u0648\u0644<\/strong> \u2018we say\u2019\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0646\u0650\u0624\u064f\u0648\u0644<\/strong> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0628\u0650\u0646\u0652\u0624\u064f\u0648\u0644<\/strong> \u00a0\u2018are saying\u2019 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0(\u0642 <\/strong>is pronounced\u00a0as\u00a0\u0621<\/strong>)<\/p>\n

\u062a\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0628<\/strong> \u00a0\u2018you play\u2019 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062a\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0628<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0628\u0650\u062a\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0628<\/strong> \u2018is playing\u2019<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0650\u0640<\/strong> can mean that the action is continuous or habitual (i.e. happens regularly) depending on the context and the kind of verb. For example, when we say \u0628\u0650\u0646\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0628<\/strong>, \u0628\u0650\u0640<\/strong> means that the action is ongoing; when we say \u0628\u0650\u062a\u0652\u0631\u064f\u0648\u0652\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u062f\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0633\u064e\u0629 <\/strong>\u2018she goes to school\u2019, it means the action is done on a regular basis.<\/p>\n

Subjective mood<\/em>, i.e. future action, in ED is expressed using the prefix \u062d\u064e\u0640<\/strong> which is added to the present form of the verb, just like \u0633\u064e\u0640<\/strong> \u00a0in MSA, as in these examples:<\/p>\n

MSA (present) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ED (present) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ED (subjunctive<\/em>\/future)<\/p>\n

\u064a\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0647\u064e\u0645<\/strong> \u2018he understands\u2019 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u064a\u0650\u0641\u0652\u0647\u064e\u0645\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u062d\u064e\u064a\u0650\u0641\u0652\u0647\u064e\u0645<\/strong> \u00a0\u2018will understand\u2019<\/p>\n

\u064a\u064e\u0628\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0639<\/strong> \u2018he sells\u2019 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u064a\u0650\u0628\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0639<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u062d\u064e\u064a\u0650\u0628\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0639<\/strong> \u00a0\u2018will sell\u2019<\/p>\n

\u062a\u064e\u0633\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0639<\/strong> \u2018she listens\u2019 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u062a\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0639<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u062d\u064e\u062a\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0639<\/strong> \u00a0\u2018will listen\u2019<\/p>\n

\u0646\u064e\u0641\u0652\u062a\u064e\u062d<\/strong> \u2018we open\u2019 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u0646\u0650\u0641\u0652\u062a\u064e\u062d<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u062d\u064e\u0646\u0650\u0641\u0652\u062a\u064e\u062d <\/strong>\u2018will open\u2019<\/p>\n

Levantine Dialect (LD) \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0647\u0652\u062c\u064e\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0645\u0650\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629:<\/span> <\/strong><\/p>\n

In LD, indicative mood<\/em> is also expressed using the prefix \u0628\u0640\u0652 <\/strong>added to the present form of the verb. It essentially like the \u0628\u0650\u0640<\/strong> in ED, except that in the case of LD, the prefix of the present is accompanied by sukoon<\/em>, rather than kasrah, fatHah, <\/em>or dammah<\/em>, as in these examples:<\/p>\n

MSA (present form) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 LD (present form) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 LD (indicative)<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0646\u064f\u0646\u0652\u0643\u0650\u0631<\/strong> \u2018we deny\u2019 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0646\u0650\u0646\u0652\u0643\u0650\u0631<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u0628\u0652\u0646\u0650\u0646\u0650\u0643\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0623\u064e\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0635\u0650\u0644<\/strong> \u2018I call\u2019 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0627\u0650\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0635\u0650\u0644\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u0628\u0652\u0627\u0650\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0635\u0650\u0644<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062a\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0628\u064e\u0633<\/strong> \u2018she dresses\u2019 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u062a\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0628\u064e\u0633\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u0628\u0652\u062a\u0650\u0644\u0628\u064e\u0633<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u064a\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0631\u0650\u0641<\/strong> \u2018he knows\u2019\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0639\u0652\u0631\u0650\u0641<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0628\u0652\u064a\u0650\u0639\u0652\u0631\u0650\u0641<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0652\u0640<\/strong> means that the action takes place at the time of speaking. Another way to express indicative mood<\/em> is by using the particle \u0639\u064e\u0645\u0652<\/strong> which is followed by the present form of the verb in LD. Besides expressing the present, it also indicates the continuity of the action, i.e. present continuous action, as in these examples:<\/p>\n

MSA (present) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 LD (present) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 LD (indicative<\/em>\/continuous)<\/p>\n

\u062a\u064f\u062c\u064e\u0631\u0651\u0650\u0628<\/strong> \u2018you try\u2019 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062a\u0650\u062c\u064e\u0631\u0651\u0650\u0628<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0639\u064e\u0645\u0652 \u062a\u0650\u062c\u064e\u0631\u0651\u0650\u0628<\/strong> \u2018is trying\u2019<\/p>\n

\u064a\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0643\u0650\u064a<\/strong> \u2018he says\u2019 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u064a\u0650\u062d\u0652\u0643\u0650\u064a<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0639\u064e\u0645\u0652 \u064a\u0650\u062d\u0652\u0643\u0650\u064a<\/strong> \u2018is saying\u2019<\/p>\n

\u062a\u064f\u062f\u064e\u0648\u0651\u0650\u0631<\/strong> \u2018she looks for\u2019\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062a\u0650\u062f\u064e\u0648\u0651\u0650\u0631\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u0639\u064e\u0645\u0652 \u062a\u0650\u062f\u064e\u0648\u0651\u0650\u0631<\/strong> \u2018is looking for\u2019<\/p>\n

\u0646\u064f\u0641\u064e\u0643\u0651\u0650\u0631<\/strong> \u2018we think about\u2019 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0646\u0650\u0641\u064e\u0643\u0651\u0650\u0631<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0639\u064e\u0645\u0652 \u0646\u0650\u0641\u064e\u0643\u0651\u0650\u0631<\/strong> \u2018is thinking about\u2019<\/p>\n

As to the subjunctive mood<\/em>, i.e. the future action, it is expressed using the particle \u0631\u064e\u062d\u0652<\/strong> followed by the present form of the verb in LD, as in these examples:<\/p>\n

MSA (present) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 LD (present) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 LD (subjunctive<\/em>\/future)<\/p>\n

\u062a\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0644<\/strong> \u2018you do\u2019\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062a\u0650\u0639\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0644<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0631\u064e\u062d\u0652 \u062a\u0650\u0639\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0644<\/strong> \u2018will do\u2019<\/p>\n

\u0623\u064e\u0642\u064f\u0648\u0652\u0644<\/strong> \u2018I say\u2019 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0625\u0650\u0624\u0648\u0644<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0631\u064e\u062d\u0652 \u0627\u0650\u0624\u0648\u0644<\/strong> \u2018will say\u2019<\/p>\n

\u064a\u064f\u0633\u064e\u0627\u0641\u0650\u0631<\/strong> \u2018he travels\u2019 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u064a\u064d\u0633\u064e\u0627\u0641\u0650\u0631 \u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0631\u064e\u062d\u0652 \u064a\u0650\u0633\u064e\u0627\u0641\u0650\u0631<\/strong> \u2018will travel\u2019<\/p>\n

\u062a\u064f\u0634\u0652\u063a\u0650\u0644<\/strong> \u2018you preoccupy\u2019 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u062a\u0650\u0634\u0652\u063a\u0650\u0644 \u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u0631\u064e\u062d\u0652 \u062a\u0650\u0634\u0652\u063a\u0650\u0644<\/strong> \u00a0\u2018will preoccupy\u2019<\/p>\n

Gulf Dialect (GD) \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0647\u0652\u062c\u064e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064e\u0644\u0650\u064a\u0652\u062c\u0650\u064a\u0629:<\/span> <\/strong><\/p>\n

The form of the verb that expresses indicative mood <\/em> in GD is the same as that of MSA, except that final diacritical marks are not assigned in the case of singular forms, as in these examples:<\/p>\n

MSA (indicative<\/em>, i.e. present)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 GD (present\/indicative)<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0623\u064e\u0634\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0628\u064f<\/strong> \u2018I drink\u2019 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0623\u0634\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0628<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u064a\u064e\u0623\u0652\u0643\u064f\u0644\u064f\u0648\u0646<\/strong> \u2018they eat\u2019 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u064a\u064e\u0623\u0652\u0643\u064f\u0644\u064f\u0648\u0646<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062a\u064e\u0633\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0646<\/strong> \u2018you hear\u2019 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u062a\u064e\u0633\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0650\u064a\u0646\u0652<\/strong>\/\u062a\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0645\u0650\u0639\u0650\u064a\u0646<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u064a\u064e\u0632\u064f\u0648\u0652\u0631\u064f<\/strong> \u2018he visits\u2019 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u064a\u0650\u0632\u0650\u0648\u0652\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n

Unlike ED and LD, in GD the subjunctive mood<\/em>, i.e. future action, is expressed using the prefix \u0628\u0652\u0640<\/strong> (\u0628\u0652\u0640<\/strong> becomes \u0628\u0650\u0640 <\/strong>before \u0646\u0640 <\/strong>and \u062a\u0640 <\/strong>of the present) which is added to the beginning of the GD present form, as in these examples:<\/p>\n

GD (present\/indicative)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>GD (future\/subjunctive<\/em>)<\/p>\n

\u0623\u064e\u0634\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0628<\/strong> \u2018I drink\u2019 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0628\u064e\u0634\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0628\u00a0<\/strong>‘I will drink’\u00a0(\u0623 is treated alif wasl<\/em><\/a>, hence dropped)<\/p>\n

\u064a\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0642\u0650\u0635\u064f\u0648\u0646<\/strong> \u2018they dance\u2019 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0628\u0652\u064a\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0642\u0650\u0635\u064f\u0648\u0646<\/strong> \u2018they will dance\u2019<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0646<\/strong> \u2018you hear\u2019 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0628\u0650\u062a\u064e\u0633\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0650\u064a\u0646<\/strong> \u2018you will hear\u2019<\/p>\n

\u064a\u0650\u0634\u064f\u0648\u0641<\/strong> \u2018he watches\/sees\u2019 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0628\u0652\u064a\u0650\u0634\u064f\u0648\u0641<\/strong> \u2018he will watch\/see\u2019<\/p>\n

Future is also expressed using the particle \u0631\u064e\u062d\u0652<\/strong> followed by the present form of the verb, as in these examples:<\/p>\n

\u0623\u064e\u0634\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0628<\/strong> \u2018I drink\u2019 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0631\u064e\u062d\u0652 \u0623\u064e\u0634\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0628<\/strong> \u2018I will drink\u201d<\/p>\n

\u064a\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0642\u0650\u0635\u064f\u0648\u0646<\/strong> \u2018they dance\u2019 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0631\u064e\u062d\u0652 \u064a\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0642\u0650\u0635\u064f\u0648\u0646<\/strong> \u2018they will dance\u2019<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0645\u0650\u0639\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0646<\/strong> \u2018you hear\u2019 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0631\u064e\u062d\u0652 \u062a\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0645\u0650\u0639\u0650\u064a\u0646<\/strong> \u2018you will hear\u2019<\/p>\n

\u064a\u0650\u0634\u064f\u0648\u0641<\/strong> \u2018he watches\/sees\u2019 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0631\u064e\u062d\u0652 \u064a\u0650\u0634\u064f\u0648\u0641<\/strong> \u2018he will watch\/see\u2019<\/p>\n

ED is spoken in Egypt, northern parts of Sudan, and some eastern parts of Libya. LD is spoken in Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Palestine, and some western parts of Iraq. GD is spoken in Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, and certain parts of Oman and Yemen. It is worth noting that some variations from country to country, and even within the same country, exist within each dialect group. More on this and other aspects dialectal variation will be talked about in future posts.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\"\"

Dialects \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0647\u064e\u062c\u064e\u0627\u062a exist in all world languages. A distinctive feature of a dialect \u0644\u064e\u0647\u0652\u062c\u064e\u0629 is the variation in pronunciation, word-formation and -usage, and grammar from the standard form. For Arabic, dialectal variation is, in my book, normally overstated. To defend my view, I will dedicate a few instructional posts for it once I am done…<\/p>\n

Continue Reading<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":148,"featured_media":14476,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":""},"categories":[3525,6,11],"tags":[462657,404662,462656],"class_list":["post-14472","post","type-post","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-arabic-language","category-grammar","category-pronunciation","tag-arabic-dialectal-variations","tag-arabic-dialects","tag-imperfective-mood"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14472","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/148"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14472"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14472\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14484,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14472\/revisions\/14484"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/14476"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14472"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14472"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14472"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}