{"id":14843,"date":"2017-09-14T03:18:01","date_gmt":"2017-09-14T03:18:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/?p=14843"},"modified":"2017-09-14T03:18:01","modified_gmt":"2017-09-14T03:18:01","slug":"basic-sentence-structure-in-arabic","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/basic-sentence-structure-in-arabic\/","title":{"rendered":"Basic Sentence Structure in Arabic (I)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Structurally, there three types of sentences in Arabic: the basic \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0635\u0652\u0644\u0650\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629<\/strong>, the compound \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064f\u0628\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0649<\/strong>, and the clausal \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u064b\u063a\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0649<\/strong> (i.e. a clause). The basic, which can be either verbal \u0641\u0650\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0650\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629<\/strong> or nominal \u0627\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0645\u0650\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629<\/strong>, has two parts. In the case of the verbal, which is our focus here, the first part is the verb \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0650\u0639\u0652\u0644<\/strong> and the second is the subject \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064e\u0627\u0639\u0650\u0644<\/strong>. Following are some essentials that you should help you make communicative basic verbal sentences.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

The Verbal Sentence: <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

The verbal sentence always starts with a fully conjugable verb<\/a>. The verb can be perfective (past), imperfective (present), or imperative (command). Only particles, such as \u0642\u064e\u062f\u0651<\/strong> qadd <\/em>\u2018maybe, already\u2019, \u0645\u064e\u0627<\/strong> maa <\/em>\u2018not\u2019, \u0644\u0627<\/strong> laa <\/em>\u2018not\u2019, \u0644\u0650\u0640<\/strong> li- <\/em>\u2018why not, shall we\u2019, among others, can precede the verb. Here are some examples:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u062e\u064e\u0631\u064e\u062c\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u064e\u0644\u064e\u062f\u064f. <\/strong><\/td>\nkharaja al-waladu<\/em><\/td>\nThe boy went out.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0642\u064e\u062f\u0651 \u062e\u064e\u0631\u064e\u062c\u064e\u062a\u0652 \u0633\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0650\u064a.<\/strong><\/td>\nqadd kharajat Sally. <\/em><\/td>\nSally already went out.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u064f\u062e\u0652\u0631\u064f\u062c\u064f\u0648\u0627!<\/strong><\/td>\nukhrujuu!<\/em><\/td>\nGo out!<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0644\u0650\u0646\u064e\u0630\u0652\u0647\u064e\u0628\u0652 \u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627.<\/strong><\/td>\nli-nadhhab ilaa assiinama.<\/em><\/td>\nLet\u2019s go to the cinema.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

It is an action sentence (i.e. expresses an action). The action is represented by the verb, and this why it should be put at the beginning. If a sentence begins with a noun, then the noun becomes the focus, and the sentence becomes declarative (i.e. states a piece of news of some sort). To illustrate, let\u2019s invert the order of the first two examples above:<\/p>\n

\u062e\u064e\u0631\u064e\u062c\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u064e\u0644\u064e\u062f\u064f<\/strong> (verbal) becomes \u0627\u0644\u0648\u064e\u0644\u064e\u062f\u064f \u062e\u064e\u0631\u064e\u062c\u064e <\/strong>(declarative, nominal). Likewise, \u0642\u064e\u062f\u0651 \u062e\u064e\u0631\u064e\u062c\u064e\u062a\u0652 \u0633\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0650\u064a <\/strong>(verbal) becomes \u0633\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0650\u064a \u0642\u064e\u062f\u0651 \u062e\u064e\u0631\u064e\u062c\u064e\u062a <\/strong>(nominal). Hence, the difference between the two is the focus, and subsequently, the type. With respect to meaning, they are almost the same.<\/p>\n

Parts of the Verbal Sentence:<\/span> <\/strong><\/p>\n

For a verbal sentence to be meaningful, it should be composed of two essential parts: the verb \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0650\u0639\u0652\u0644<\/strong> and the subject \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064e\u0627\u0639\u0650\u0644<\/strong>. The verb by itself does not constitute a complete meaning. If you come across a meaning sentence composed of one word, such as \u0627\u064f\u0643\u0652\u062a\u064f\u0628\u0652<\/strong> uktub <\/em>\u2018write!\u2019, it means that its subject is implicit (i.e. it not overt, rather it is implied within the verb, known \u0645\u064f\u0633\u0652\u062a\u064e\u062a\u0650\u0631<\/strong> \u00a0in Arabic).<\/p>\n

The remaining parts of the sentence are called \u0645\u064f\u0643\u064e\u0645\u0651\u0650\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/strong> complements. They can be an object \u0645\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0639\u064f\u0648\u0644<\/strong>, a prepositional phrase \u0634\u0650\u0628\u0652\u0647 \u062c\u064f\u0645\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0629<\/strong>, an adverb \u0638\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0641<\/strong>, among others. They complete the verb or the subject. See the table at the top for illustrations.<\/p>\n

The Type of Subject:<\/span> <\/strong><\/p>\n

The subject of the verb can be \u0627\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0645 \u0638\u064e\u0627\u0647\u0650\u0631<\/strong> ism DHahir <\/em>\u2018an overt noun\u2019 (i.e. proper noun, common noun, interrogative noun and so forth) \u0636\u064e\u0645\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0631<\/strong> Damiir <\/em>\u2018a pronoun\u2019. The pronoun can be \u0645\u064f\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0635\u0650\u0644<\/strong> muttaSil<\/em> \u2018attached\u2019 or \u0645\u064f\u0633\u0652\u062a\u064e\u062a\u0650\u0631<\/strong> mustatir <\/em>\u2018implicit\u2019. The subject can also be \u0645\u064e\u0635\u0652\u062f\u064e\u0631 \u0645\u064f\u0624\u064e\u0648\u0651\u064e\u0644<\/strong> maSdar m\u2019awwal <\/em>\u2018a noun clause\u2019. For now, we will focus on the first two. Here are some examples:<\/p>\n

(a) overt noun<\/span> subject:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0631\u064e\u0642\u064e\u062f\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u064e\u0644\u064e\u062f\u064f<\/span><\/strong>. \u00a0\u00a0raqada al-waladu <\/em>\u2018the boy<\/span> slept.\u2019<\/p>\n

\u062a\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0642\u064f\u0635\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0650\u0646\u0652\u062a<\/span><\/strong>. tarquSu al-bint\u00a0 <\/em>\u2018the girl<\/span> dances.\u2019<\/p>\n

\u064a\u064e\u062c\u0652\u0631\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0650\u062c\u064e\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/strong>. yajrii ar-rijaal\u00a0 <\/em>\u2018the men<\/span> run.\u2019<\/p>\n

\u062c\u064e\u0631\u064e\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0650\u0633\u064e\u0627\u0621<\/span><\/strong>. jarat \u00a0an-nisaa\u2019\u00a0 <\/em>\u2018the women<\/span> ran.\u2019<\/p>\n

(b) covert\/implicit or attached<\/span> pronoun subject:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0631\u064e\u0642\u064e\u062f\u064e<\/strong>. \u00a0raqada <\/em>\u2018he slept.\u2019 [implicit subject]<\/p>\n

\u0646\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0642\u064f\u0635<\/strong>. narquS\u00a0 <\/em>\u2018we dance.\u2019 [implicit subject]<\/p>\n

\u062c\u064e\u0631\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0640\u0646\u064e\u0627<\/span><\/strong>. jarajna\u00a0 <\/em>\u2018we ran.\u2019 \u00a0[attached subject]<\/p>\n

\u064a\u064e\u062c\u0652\u0631\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0640\u0646\u064e<\/span><\/strong>. yajrajna \u00a0<\/em>\u2018they (f) run.\u2019 \u00a0 [attached subject]<\/p>\n

The subject can also be singular, dual or plural. In terms of gender, it can be masculine or feminine, as in:<\/p>\n

\u0631\u064e\u0642\u064e\u062f\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u064e\u0644\u064e\u062f\u064f \/ \u0627\u0644\u0648\u064e\u0644\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0627\u0646 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0627\u062f<\/strong>.\u00a0 raqada al-waladu \/ al-waladaan \/ al-awlaad <\/em>\u00a0\u2018the boy\/two boys\/boys slept.\u2019<\/p>\n

Verb-subject Agreement:<\/span> <\/strong><\/p>\n

As for the gender, the verb must agree with the subject. That is, if the subject is feminine in form, the feminine marker, which is \u0640\u062a\u0652<\/strong> (\u062a<\/strong> with sukoon<\/em>) should be appended to the end of the perfective (past) verb and \u062a\u064e\u0640<\/strong> (\u062a<\/strong> with fatHah<\/em>) should be added to the beginning of the imperfective verb, as in these examples:<\/p>\n

\u0633\u064e\u0627\u0641\u064e\u0631\u064e\u062a\u0652<\/span> \u0633\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0650\u064a<\/strong>.\u00a0 saafarat Sally\u00a0 <\/em>\u2018Sally travelled.\u2019<\/p>\n

\u062c\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0633\u064e\u0640\u062a\u0652<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0650\u0646\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0646<\/strong>.\u00a0 jalasat al-bintan\u00a0 <\/em>\u2018the two girls sat.\u2019<\/p>\n

\u062e\u064e\u0631\u064e\u062c\u064e\u0640\u062a\u0652<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062f\u064e\u0631\u0651\u0650\u0633\u064e\u0627\u062a<\/strong>.\u00a0 kharajat al-mudarrisaat\u00a0 <\/em>\u2018the teachers (f) went out.\u2019<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0640<\/span>\u0640\u0642\u0652\u0641\u0650\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0627\u062a<\/strong>.\u00a0 taqfiz al-banat\u00a0 <\/em>\u2018the girls jump.\u2019<\/p>\n

As to number, if the subject an overt noun, the verb remains singular in form even if the subject is dual, plural, or compound (more than one doer\/actor). If the subject is attached or implicit pronoun, the agreement is reflected on the verb through the respective pronominal suffixes, as illustrated above.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\"\"

Structurally, there three types of sentences in Arabic: the basic \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0635\u0652\u0644\u0650\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629, the compound \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064f\u0628\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0649, and the clausal \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u064b\u063a\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0649 (i.e. a clause). The basic, which can be either verbal \u0641\u0650\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0650\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629 or nominal \u0627\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0645\u0650\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629, has two parts. In the case of the verbal, which is our focus here, the first part is the verb \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0650\u0639\u0652\u0644 and the…<\/p>\n

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