{"id":15869,"date":"2018-04-26T14:00:01","date_gmt":"2018-04-26T14:00:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/?p=15869"},"modified":"2018-04-26T14:00:01","modified_gmt":"2018-04-26T14:00:01","slug":"a-vital-arabic-particle-with-multiple-meanings","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/a-vital-arabic-particle-with-multiple-meanings\/","title":{"rendered":"A Vital Arabic Particle with Multiple Meanings"},"content":{"rendered":"

Arabic is full of words that are spelled the same but have different meanings and words that are spelled the same but pronounced differently. One example is the Arabic particle \u0627\u0646<\/strong> \u2013 alif <\/em>and nun<\/em>, with no \u0621<\/strong> hamzah <\/em>or diacritics<\/em>. Their addition and position make the word versatile. When the \u0646 <\/strong>has fahHah<\/em> with shaddah <\/em>\u00a0\u0651\u064e (\u0625\u0650\u0646\u0651\u064e <\/strong>and \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0651\u064e<\/strong>), it resembles the past tense verb; when it has sukuun<\/em> (\u0625\u0650\u0646\u0652 <\/strong>and \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652<\/strong>), it resembles other particles. This post is about the \u0627\u0646<\/strong>, namely how the position of the hamzah <\/em>and the type of diacritical mark <\/em>on the \u0646 <\/strong>affect its meaning and usage.<\/p>\n

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(1) Dictionary Features of \u0625\u0650\u0646\u0651\u064e, \u0625\u0650\u0646\u0651\u064e and \u0625\u0650\u0646\u0652, \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0625\u0650\u0646\u0651\u064e<\/strong> and \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0651\u064e <\/strong>are similar to verbs for two reasons. First, they are composed of three letters, \u0623\u064e + \u0646\u0652 + \u0646\u064e = \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0651\u064e <\/strong>and \u0625\u0650 + \u0646\u0652 + \u0646\u064e = \u0625\u0650\u0646\u0651\u064e<\/strong>. When two letters occur in a single, they become one with shaddah<\/em>, if the first has sukuun<\/em> and the second carries another diacritical mark<\/em>, hence \u0646\u0652 + \u0646\u064e become \u0646\u0651\u064e. Secondly, they final diacritical mark <\/em>is fatHah <\/em>like the past tense verb. Besides, meaning-wise they carry a verbal sense which means ascertained<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0650\u0646\u0652<\/strong> and \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652 <\/strong>resemble prepositions and other particles because they are composed of two letters only, like most particles. In addition, they don\u2019t carry any meaning unless they are put with another meaning-bearing word \u2013 a feature of most Arabic particles and prepositions. Also, the \u0646 <\/strong>has a sukuun<\/em> like most preposition since preposition are never assigned parsing marks<\/em>.<\/p>\n

(2) Usage of \u0625\u0650\u0646\u0651\u064e and \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0651\u064e:<\/span> <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0625\u0650\u0646\u0651\u064e<\/strong> and \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0651\u064e <\/strong>are used with the nominal sentence \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064f\u0645\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0645\u0650\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629<\/strong>. Both change the parsing mark <\/em>of the topic \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0628\u0652\u062a\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0623 <\/strong>from nominative to accusative, while the predicate \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064e\u0628\u064e\u0631 <\/strong>remains nominative. \u0625\u0650\u0646\u0651\u064e<\/strong> is used at the start of independent nominal sentences, after the verb of saying \u2018to say\u2019 \u0642\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064e<\/strong>, \u064a\u064e\u0642\u064f\u0648\u0652\u0644\u064f<\/strong>, \u0642\u064f\u0644\u0652<\/strong>, and after the oath \u0648\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u0650 <\/strong>\u2018I swear\u2019, as in the these examples:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0625\u0650\u0646\u0651\u064e<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u064e \u0631\u064e\u062d\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0645\u064c.<\/strong><\/td>\n.Allah is indeed merciful<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0625\u0650\u0646\u0651\u064e<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064e\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0631\u064e\u0629\u064e \u062c\u064e\u062f\u0650\u064a\u0652\u062f\u064e\u0629\u064c.<\/strong><\/td>\n.The car is indeed new<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0642\u064f\u0644\u0652 \u0625\u0650\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0640<\/span>\u0640\u0643\u064e \u0645\u064e\u0631\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0636\u064c.<\/strong><\/td>\n.Say that you are sick<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0645\u064e\u062f \u064a\u064e\u0642\u064f\u0648\u0652\u0644\u064f \u0625\u0650\u0646\u0651\u064e<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0650\u0645\u0652\u062a\u0650\u062d\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064e \u0635\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0628\u064c.<\/strong><\/td>\n.Ahmed says that the exam is difficult<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0642\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064e\u062a\u0652 \u0625\u0650\u0646\u0652\u0640<\/span>\u0640\u0647\u064e\u0627 \u0633\u064e\u0639\u0650\u064a\u0652\u062f\u064e\u0629\u064c.<\/strong><\/td>\n.She said that she was happy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0648\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u0650 \u0625\u0650\u0646\u0652\u0640<\/span>\u0640\u0643\u064e \u0628\u064e\u062e\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0644\u064c \u0648\u064e\u0647\u064f\u0648\u064e \u0643\u064e\u0631\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0645\u064c.<\/strong><\/td>\nI swear that you are stingy and he\u2019s generous<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0648\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u0650 \u0625\u0650\u0646\u0651\u064e<\/span> \u0633\u064e\u0644\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u064e\u0630\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0628\u064c.<\/strong><\/td>\n.I swear that Saleem is a liar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>\u0623\u064e\u0646\u0651\u064e<\/strong> is used in the middle of sentences, after certain verbs. It along with the topic \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0628\u0652\u062a\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0623 <\/strong>and the predicate \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064e\u0628\u064e\u0631 <\/strong>functions as the subject \u0641\u064e\u0627\u0639\u0650\u0644<\/strong> or the object \u0645\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0639\u064f\u0648\u0652\u0644 <\/strong>of the preceding verb. It is also used after prepositions and adverbs that are followed by (genitive nouns \u0645\u064f\u0636\u064e\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0647<\/strong>), as in the following examples:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0646\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0631\u0650\u0641\u064f \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0640<\/span>\u0640\u0643\u064e \u0630\u064e\u0643\u0650\u064a\u064c.<\/strong><\/td>\n.We know that you are smart<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u064a\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0645\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0652\u0631\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0643\u0650\u064a\u0651\u064f\u0648\u0652\u0646 \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0651\u064e<\/span> \u062a\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0645\u0652\u0628 \u0634\u0650\u0631\u0651\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0631.<\/strong><\/td>\n.The Americans know that Trump is evil<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u064e\u0639\u0652\u062c\u064e\u0628\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062f\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0631\u064e \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0640<\/span>\u0640\u0643\u064e \u0646\u064e\u0634\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0637.<\/strong><\/td>\n.Your being energetic admires the boss<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0633\u064e\u0645\u0650\u0639\u0652\u062a\u064f \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0651\u064e<\/span> \u062e\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0650\u062f \u0633\u064e\u0627\u0641\u064e\u0631.<\/strong><\/td>\n.I heard that Khalid had travelled<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u064f\u062d\u0650\u0628\u0651\u064f\u0647\u064e\u0627 \u0631\u064e\u063a\u0652\u0645\u064e \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0640<\/span>\u0640\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u064f\u062a\u064e\u0643\u064e\u0628\u0651\u0650\u0631\u064e\u0629.<\/strong><\/td>\n.I love her even though she\u2019s snobbish<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u064e\u0634\u0652\u0647\u064e\u062f\u064f \u0628\u064e\u0640\u0640\u0623\u064e\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0640<\/span>\u0640\u0640\u0643 \u0628\u064e\u0637\u064e\u0644\u064c.<\/strong><\/td>\n.I affirm that you are a hero<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

In the first example, \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0643\u064e \u0630\u064e\u0643\u0650\u064a\u064c <\/strong>is the object \u0645\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0639\u064f\u0648\u0644 <\/strong>of \u0646\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0631\u0650\u0641\u064f<\/strong>. In the second, \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0651\u064e \u062a\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0645\u0652\u0628 \u0634\u0650\u0631\u0651\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0631 <\/strong>is object of \u064a\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0645<\/strong>. In the third, \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652\u0643\u064e \u0646\u064e\u0634\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0637 <\/strong>is the subject \u0641\u064e\u0627\u0639\u0650\u0644 <\/strong>of \u0623\u064e\u0639\u0652\u062c\u064e\u0628\u064e<\/strong>. Similar patterns can be found in the other examples.<\/p>\n

(3) Meaning of \u0625\u0650\u0646\u0651\u064e and \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0651\u064e:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

At the start of the independent nominal sentence, \u0625\u0650\u0646\u0651\u064e <\/strong>means indeed<\/em>, certainly<\/em>, or truly<\/em>. It is used to underscore that a feature of something or a characteristic of someone is absolutely right. Hence, when you say \u0625\u0650\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u064e \u063a\u064e\u0641\u064f\u0648\u0652\u0631\u064c \u0631\u064e\u062d\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0645\u064c<\/strong>, it means Allah is undoubtedly forgiving and merciful<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u064e\u0646\u0651\u064e<\/strong> has the meaning of a linking word. It means that<\/em>, like to the English that <\/em>in phrases like \u2018think that \u2026, believe that \u2026, said that \u2026 and so forth\u2019, as in the second set of examples above.<\/p>\n

(4) Usage and Meaning of \u0625\u0650\u0646\u0652 and \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652:<\/span> <\/strong><\/p>\n

The most common usage of \u0625\u0650\u0646\u0652 <\/strong>is as a subordinating conjunction in a conditional sentence. It begins the subordinate clause, which come at the start of the complex sentence, as in the examples below. As you can see from the examples, \u0625\u0650\u0646\u0652 <\/strong>means if<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0625\u0650\u0646\u0652<\/span> \u062a\u064e\u062c\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0647\u0650\u062f \u062a\u064e\u0646\u0652\u062c\u064e\u062d.<\/strong><\/td>\n.If you work hard, you will pass<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0625\u0650\u0646\u0652<\/span> \u064a\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0644\u0652 \u0645\u064e\u0639\u0650\u064a\u0651 \u064a\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0635\u0650\u0644\u0652 \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0649 \u0641\u064f\u0644\u064f\u0648\u0652\u0633 \u0623\u064e\u0643\u0652\u062b\u064e\u0631.<\/strong><\/td>\nIf he works with me, he will make more money<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0625\u0650\u0646\u0652<\/span> \u0646\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0628\u0652 \u062c\u064e\u064a\u0652\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0635\u064f\u0644\u0652 \u0639\u064e\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064e\u0627\u0626\u0650\u0632\u064e\u0629.<\/strong><\/td>\n.If we play well, we will get the prize<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0625\u0650\u0646\u0652<\/span> \u062a\u064f\u0637\u0650\u0639 (\u062a\u064f\u0637\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0639\u0652) \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u064e \u064a\u064e\u063a\u0652\u0641\u0650\u0631\u0652 \u0644\u064e\u0643\u064e.<\/strong><\/td>\n.If you obey Allah, he will forgive you<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u0625\u0650\u0646\u0652<\/strong> is also used to negative nominal and verbal sentence, just like \u0645\u064e\u0627<\/strong>, \u0644\u0627<\/strong>, and \u0644\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0633\u064e<\/strong>. In this case, it does not affect the topic \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0628\u0652\u062a\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0623 <\/strong>or the verb \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0650\u0639\u0652\u0644<\/strong>. This usage is very formal and literary.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652<\/strong>, which means \u2018to\u2019, is used with present tense verbs and less frequently with past tense verbs. With the present tense, it can be used at the start of the sentence, and in this case, it and the verb that follows constitute the topic \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0628\u0652\u062a\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0623<\/strong> and the remainder of sentence is the predicate \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064e\u0628\u064e\u0631<\/strong>. For example, when you say \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652 \u062a\u064e\u0642\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0623\u064e \u062e\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0631\u064c \u0644\u064e\u0643\u064e <\/strong>\u2018to read is better for you\u2019. \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652 \u062a\u064e\u0642\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0623\u064e <\/strong>is the topic \u0645\u064f\u0628\u0652\u062a\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0623 <\/strong>and \u062e\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0631\u064c \u0644\u064e\u0643\u064e <\/strong>is the predicate \u062e\u064e\u0628\u064e\u0631<\/strong>. Here are more examples:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652<\/span> \u0646\u064f\u0633\u064e\u0627\u0641\u0650\u0631 \u0623\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0636\u064e\u0644\u064f \u0645\u0650\u0646\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064e\u0642\u064e\u0627\u0621.<\/strong><\/td>\n.To travel is better for us than staying<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652<\/span> \u062a\u064e\u0635\u064f\u0648\u0652\u0645\u064f\u0648\u0627 \u062e\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0631\u064c \u0644\u064e\u0643\u064f\u0645.<\/strong><\/td>\n.To fast is better for you all<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652<\/span> \u062a\u064e\u062c\u064e\u0631\u0650\u064a\u064e \u0643\u064f\u0644\u0651\u064e \u064a\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0645 \u0645\u064f\u0641\u0650\u064a\u0652\u062f\u064c \u0644\u0650\u0635\u064e\u062d\u0651\u064e\u062a\u0650\u0643\u064e.<\/strong><\/td>\n.To run every day is useful for your health<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Using it in the middle of the sentence is more common. In this case, it is usually preceded by a present tense and followed by a verb in the same tense, as in the examples below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u062a\u064f\u0631\u0650\u064a\u0652\u062f\u064e \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652<\/span> \u062a\u064e\u0634\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0631\u0650\u064a\u064e \u0633\u064e\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0631\u064e\u0629.<\/strong><\/td>\n.She wants to buy a car<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0649 \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652<\/span> \u0623\u064e\u0643\u064f\u0648\u0652\u0646\u064e \u0637\u064e\u0628\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0628\u064b\u0627.<\/strong><\/td>\n.I hope to be a doctor<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u064a\u064e\u062c\u0650\u0628\u064f \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652<\/span> \u062a\u064e\u0635\u064f\u0648\u0652\u0645\u064e \u0631\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0636\u064e\u0627\u0646.<\/strong><\/td>\n.You must fast Ramadhan<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0646\u064e\u0648\u064e\u062f\u0651\u064f \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652<\/span> \u0646\u064f\u0633\u064e\u0627\u0639\u0650\u062f\u064e\u0643\u0650.<\/strong><\/td>\n.We wish to help you<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652<\/strong> is also used with other words to form two-word subordinating conjunctions, such as \u0642\u064e\u0628\u0652\u0644\u064e \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652 <\/strong>\u2018before\u2019 and \u0628\u064e\u0639\u0652\u062f\u064e \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652 <\/strong>\u2018after,\u2019 among others. The verbs after \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652 <\/strong>in these connecting phrases is usually in the present (but may also be in the past), as in these examples:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0642\u064e\u0628\u0652\u0644\u064e \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652<\/span> \u0623\u064e\u0630\u0652\u0647\u064e\u0628\u064e \u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0629 \u0643\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0628\u0652\u062a\u064f \u0648\u064e\u0627\u062c\u0650\u0628\u0650\u064a.<\/strong><\/td>\n.Before I went to the party, I wrote my HW<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0642\u064e\u0628\u0652\u0644\u064e \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652<\/span> \u064a\u064e\u0637\u0652\u0628\u064f\u062e\u064e \u063a\u064e\u0633\u064e\u0644\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u064f\u062d\u064f\u0648\u0652\u0646.<\/strong><\/td>\n.Before he cooked, he washed the dishes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0628\u064e\u0639\u0652\u062f\u064e \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652<\/span> \u062f\u064e\u062e\u064e\u0644\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064f\u0633\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0630 \u0633\u064e\u0643\u064e\u062a\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u064f\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0628.<\/strong><\/td>\nAfter the teacher entered, the student become silent<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0628\u064e\u0639\u0652\u062f\u064e \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652<\/span> \u062a\u064f\u0623\u064e\u0643\u064f\u0644\u064e \u062a\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0627\u0648\u064e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0650\u0644\u0627\u062c.<\/strong><\/td>\n.After you eat, take the medication<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Although the verb in the first two examples is in the present tense, it has a past meaning due to the \u0642\u064e\u0628\u0652\u0644\u064e <\/strong>in the connecting phrase. It refers to the past.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\"\"

Arabic is full of words that are spelled the same but have different meanings and words that are spelled the same but pronounced differently. One example is the Arabic particle \u0627\u0646 \u2013 alif and nun, with no \u0621 hamzah or diacritics. Their addition and position make the word versatile. When the \u0646 has fahHah with…<\/p>\n

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