{"id":15939,"date":"2018-05-22T08:16:11","date_gmt":"2018-05-22T08:16:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/?p=15939"},"modified":"2018-05-22T08:16:11","modified_gmt":"2018-05-22T08:16:11","slug":"forms-of-nominal-and-verbal-duals-in-arabic","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/forms-of-nominal-and-verbal-duals-in-arabic\/","title":{"rendered":"Forms of Nominal and Verbal Duals in Arabic"},"content":{"rendered":"

As for number, nouns \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0633\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0621<\/strong> and verbs \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0627\u0644<\/strong> in Arabic have three forms: singular \u0645\u064f\u0641\u0652\u0631\u064e\u062f<\/strong>, dual \u0645\u064f\u062b\u064e\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0649<\/strong>, and plural \u062c\u064e\u0645\u0652\u0639<\/strong>. The singular refers to a single entity, the dual refers to two entities, and the plural refers to three or more. Forming the dual and plural forms from the singular is usually straightforward. This is done by adding the number suffix to the end of the singular form. This post is about how dual nouns and verbs are formed and how their formation changes when they occur in different positions of the sentence.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Dual in Arabic is marked by a suffix called \u0623\u064e\u0644\u0650\u0641\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0650\u062b\u0652\u0646\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646 <\/strong>alif al-ithnayn<\/em> \u2018the alif of dual\u2019. It is simply a plain alif<\/em> \u0640\u0627 <\/strong>that is added to the end of singular form of pronouns, nouns, and verbs. In the case of nouns and verbs, \u0646 <\/strong>is normally added after the alif<\/em> when they are in the nominative case and indicative mood, respectively. This \u0646 <\/strong>gets dropped in the other cases\/moods.<\/p>\n

Pronominal Duals:<\/span> <\/strong><\/p>\n

The first person singular \u0623\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0627 <\/strong>has no dual form in Arabic. Both second person singular masculine and feminine have the same dual form, that is \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652\u062a\u064f\u0645\u064e\u0627<\/strong>. The additional suffix, which is \u0640\u0645\u064e\u0627<\/strong>, is the dual marker. Likewise, the third person singular masculine and feminine have the same dual form, that is \u0647\u064f\u0645\u064e\u0627<\/strong>. After dropping the last letter of \u0647\u064f\u0648\u064e <\/strong>and \u0647\u0650\u064a\u064e<\/strong>, the dual suffix \u0640\u0645\u064e\u0627<\/strong> is added, as in the table below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0636\u0651\u064e\u0645\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0641\u0652\u0631\u064e\u062f<\/strong> \u2018singular pronoun<\/td>\n\u0636\u064e\u0645\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062b\u064e\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0649<\/strong> \u2018dual pronoun\u2019<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0647\u064f\u0648\u064e<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0647\u064f\u0645\u064e\u0627<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0647\u0650\u064a\u064e<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652\u062a\u064e <\/strong><\/td>\n\u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652\u062a\u064f\u0645\u064e\u0627<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652\u062a\u0650<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0627<\/strong><\/td>\n–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Unlike nouns, pronouns don\u2019t get parsing marks. That is, they remain the same regardless of their position in the sentence. For this reason, the \u0646 <\/strong>is not added to them; thus, there is no such thing as \u0647\u064f\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0646 <\/strong>and \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652\u062a\u064f\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0646<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Nominal Duals:<\/span> <\/strong><\/p>\n

Singular nouns in Arabic are made dual by appending \u0640\u0627\u0646 <\/strong>to their ends. Therefore, singular nouns in the table above, \u0645\u064f\u0647\u064e\u0646\u0652\u062f\u0650\u0633<\/strong>; \u0644\u0627\u0639\u0650\u0628<\/strong>; \u0637\u064e\u0628\u0651\u064e\u0627\u062e<\/strong>; \u0645\u064f\u062f\u064e\u0631\u0651\u0650\u0633\u064e\u0629<\/strong>; and \u0637\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0650\u0628\u064e\u0629<\/strong>, become \u0645\u064f\u0647\u064e\u0646\u0652\u062f\u0650\u0633\u064e\u0627\u0646<\/strong>, \u0644\u0627\u0639\u0650\u0628\u064e\u0627\u0646<\/strong>, \u0637\u064e\u0628\u0651\u064e\u0627\u062e\u064e\u0627\u0646<\/strong>, \u0645\u064f\u062f\u064e\u0631\u0651\u0650\u0633\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0646<\/strong>, and \u0637\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0650\u0628\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0646<\/strong>, respectively. Essentially, alif <\/em>is the dual marker, while the \u0646<\/strong> replaces the parsing marks that occur with the singular, namely fatHah<\/em>, DHammah<\/em>, kasrah<\/em>, or their corresponding tanween <\/em>in the case of indefinite nouns.<\/p>\n

The \u0627 <\/strong>and \u0646 <\/strong>change to \u064a<\/strong> and \u0646<\/strong> when the noun is in an object position, after a preposition, or the second noun of a genitive construction. Hence, the dual marker is \u0640\u0627\u0646 <\/strong>or \u0640\u064a\u0646 <\/strong>depending on the parsing mark of the noun, as in the following table:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Parsing Mark<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0645\u064f\u0641\u0652\u0631\u064e\u062f<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n\u0645\u064f\u062b\u064e\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0649<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Nominative mark<\/p>\n

\u0645\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0641\u064f\u0648\u0652\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0643\u0650\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0628\u064c\u00a0 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0650\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0628\u064f<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0633\u064e\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0631\u064e\u0629\u064c\u00a0 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064e\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0631\u064e\u0629\u064f<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0645\u064f\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u0650\u0645\u064c\u00a0 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u0650\u0645\u064f <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0648\u064e\u0644\u064e\u062f\u064c \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u064e\u0644\u064e\u062f\u064f<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0634\u064e\u062c\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0629\u064c \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064e\u062c\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0629\u064f<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0643\u0650\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0628\u064e\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0650\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0628\u064e\u0627\u0646<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0633\u064e\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0631\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064e\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0631\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0646<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0645\u064f\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u0650\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u0650\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0646<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0648\u064e\u0644\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u064e\u0644\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0627\u0646<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0634\u064e\u062c\u064e\u0631\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064e\u062c\u064e\u0631\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0646<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Accusative mark<\/p>\n

\u0645\u064e\u0646\u0652\u0635\u064f\u0648\u0652\u0628<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0643\u0650\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0650\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0628\u064e<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0633\u064e\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0631\u064e\u0629\u064b\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064e\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0631\u064e\u0629\u064e<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0645\u064f\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u0650\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u0650\u0645\u064e<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0648\u064e\u0644\u064e\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u064e\u0644\u064e\u062f\u064e<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0634\u064e\u062c\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0629\u064b \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064e\u062c\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0629\u064e<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0643\u0650\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0628\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0650\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0628\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0633\u064e\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0631\u064e\u062a\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064e\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0631\u064e\u062a\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0645\u064f\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0650\u0645\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u0650\u0645\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0648\u064e\u0644\u064e\u062f\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u064e\u0644\u064e\u062f\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0634\u064e\u062c\u064e\u0631\u064e\u062a\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064e\u062c\u064e\u0631\u064e\u062a\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Genitive mark<\/p>\n

\u0645\u064e\u062c\u0652\u0631\u064f\u0648\u0652\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0643\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0628\u064d \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0650\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0628\u0650<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0633\u064e\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0631\u064e\u0629\u064d \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064e\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0631\u064e\u0629\u0650<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0645\u064f\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u0650\u0645\u064d \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u0650\u0645\u0650 <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0648\u064e\u0644\u064e\u062f\u064d \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u064e\u0644\u064e\u062f\u0650<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0634\u064e\u062c\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0629\u064d \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064e\u062c\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0629\u0650<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0643\u0650\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0628\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0650\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0628\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0633\u064e\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0631\u064e\u062a\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064e\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0631\u064e\u062a\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0645\u064f\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0650\u0645\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u0650\u0645\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0648\u064e\u0644\u064e\u062f\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u064e\u0644\u064e\u062f\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0634\u064e\u062c\u064e\u0631\u064e\u062a\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064e\u062c\u064e\u0631\u064e\u062a\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

In the table above, the indefinite singular noun gets tanween<\/em> (of fatHah, DHammah, <\/em>or kasrah<\/em>) based on the its parsing mark. The definite noun (the noun with \u0627\u0644<\/strong>) gets fatHah, DHammah, <\/em>or kasrah<\/em>. The dual noun gets \u0640\u0627\u0646 <\/strong>if it is nominative \u0645\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0641\u064f\u0648\u0652\u0639 <\/strong>and \u0640\u064a\u0646 <\/strong>if it is accusative \u0645\u064e\u0646\u0652\u0635\u064f\u0648\u0628 <\/strong>or genitive \u0645\u064e\u062c\u0652\u0631\u064f\u0648\u0631<\/strong>; therefore, the dual form with accusative and genitive mark is the same.<\/p>\n

To further illustrate, let\u2019s look at these sentences.<\/p>\n

(1) \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0650\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0628\u064e\u0627\u0646<\/span> \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064e\u0646\u0652\u0637\u064e\u0629. \u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\u2018the two books are in the bag.\u2019<\/p>\n

(2) \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0634 \u0633\u064e\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0631\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0646.<\/span><\/strong> \u2018there are two cars in the backyard.\u2019<\/p>\n

(3) \u0646\u064e\u0627\u0645\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u064e\u0644\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0627\u0646.<\/span><\/strong> \u2018the two boys slept.\u2019<\/p>\n

(4) \u063a\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0633\u0652\u062a\u064f \u0634\u064e\u062c\u064e\u0631\u064e\u062a\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646.<\/span><\/strong> \u2018we planted two trees.\u2019<\/p>\n

(5) \u0633\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0645\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u0650\u0645\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646.<\/span><\/strong> \u2018we shook hands with the two teachers.\u2019<\/p>\n

(6) \u0643\u0650\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0628\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u064e\u0644\u064e\u062f\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646<\/span> \u062c\u064e\u062f\u0650\u064a\u0652\u062f\u064c.<\/strong> \u2018the two boys\u2019 book is new.\u2019<\/p>\n

In (1) and (2), the dual marker is \u0640\u0627\u0646<\/strong> because \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0650\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0628\u064e\u0627\u0646 <\/strong>and \u0633\u064e\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0631\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0646 <\/strong>are nominative as they are in the position of \u0645\u064f\u0628\u0652\u062a\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0623 <\/strong>(nominal) subject \/ topic.\u2019 In (3), the dual marker is also \u0640\u0627\u0646 <\/strong>because \u0627\u0644\u0648\u064e\u0644\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0627\u0646 <\/strong>is nominative as it is in the position of \u0641\u064e\u0627\u0639\u0650\u0644 <\/strong>(verbal) subject. Both (nominal) and (verbal) subject always get the nominative mark. In (4) the dual marker is \u0640\u064a\u0646 <\/strong>because \u0634\u064e\u062c\u064e\u0631\u064e\u062a\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646 <\/strong>is accusative since it is in an object \u0645\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0639\u064f\u0648\u0652\u0644 <\/strong>position. In (5) and (6), the dual mark is also \u0640\u064a\u0652\u0646 <\/strong>because \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u0650\u0645\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646 <\/strong>and \u0627\u0644\u0648\u064e\u0644\u064e\u062f\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646 <\/strong>are genitive as the first is an object of a preposition \u0627\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0645 \u0645\u064e\u062c\u0652\u0631\u064f\u0648\u0631<\/strong>, and the second is \u0645\u064f\u0636\u064e\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0647<\/strong>, the second noun of a genitive construction.<\/p>\n

Verbal Duals:<\/span> <\/strong><\/p>\n

Like nouns, the dual marker with verbs is \u0640\u0627\u0646<\/strong>; however, the \u0646 <\/strong>is retained only with the indicative \u0645\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0641\u064f\u0648\u0652\u0639<\/strong> form of the verb because it replaces the DHammah <\/em>of the singular indicative form of the present verb. If the verb is subjunctive \u0645\u064e\u0646\u0652\u0635\u064f\u0648\u0628 <\/strong>or jussive \u0645\u064e\u062c\u0652\u0632\u064f\u0648\u0645<\/strong>, the \u0646 <\/strong>is dropped, as in these examples.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Indicative \u0645\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0641\u064f\u0648\u0639<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\nSubjective \u0645\u064e\u0646\u0652\u0635\u064f\u0648\u0628<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\nJussive \u0645\u064e\u062c\u0652\u0632\u064f\u0648\u0645<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

\u0627\u0644\u0648\u064e\u0644\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064e\u0623\u0643\u064f\u0644\u0627\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064f\u0628\u0652\u0646.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2018the two boys are eating the cheese.\u2019<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u0648\u064e\u0644\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u064e\u0646\u0652 \u064a\u064e\u0623\u0652\u0643\u064f\u0644\u0627<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064f\u0628\u0652\u0646.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2018the two boys will not eat the cheese.\u2019<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u0648\u064e\u0644\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u064e\u0645\u0652 \u064a\u064e\u0623\u0643\u064f\u0644\u0627<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064f\u0628\u0652\u0646.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2018the two boys did not eat the cheese.\u2019<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0650\u0646\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0628\u064e\u0627\u0646<\/span> \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064e\u062f\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0642\u064e\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2018the two girls are playing in the garden.\u2019<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u062a\u064f\u0631\u0650\u064a\u0652\u062f\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0650\u0646\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652 \u062a\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0628\u064e\u0627<\/span> \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064e\u062f\u0650\u064a\u0642\u064e\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2018the two girls want to play in the garden.\u2019<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0627\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0628\u064e\u0627<\/strong><\/span> \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064e\u062f\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0642\u064e\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2018play in the garden!\u2019<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0647\u064e\u0646\u0652\u062f\u0650\u0633\u064e\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064e\u062e\u0652\u0631\u064f\u062c\u064e\u0627\u0646<\/span> \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u064e\u0628\u064e\u0627\u062d.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2018the two engineers go out in the morning.\u2019<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u062e\u064e\u0631\u064e\u062c\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0647\u064e\u0646\u0652\u062f\u0650\u0633\u064e\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u064e\u064a \u064a\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0644\u0627.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2018the two engineers went out in order to work.\u2019<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0644\u0627<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u064a\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0645.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2018don\u2019t work today!\u2019<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

The dual marker \u0640\u0627\u0646 <\/strong>or \u0640\u0627 <\/strong>appears on the verb only if it is preceded by a dual noun. In the table above, the dual marker for indicative is \u0627 <\/strong>and \u0646<\/strong>, while under the subjunctive and jussive the \u0646 <\/strong>is dropped, the alif <\/em>\u0640\u0627<\/strong>, which is called the alif <\/em>of the dual \u0623\u064e\u0644\u0650\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062b\u064e\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0649<\/strong>, is the dual marker.<\/p>\n

With past form of the verb, the dual marker is the alif<\/em>, as in these examples:<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0648\u064e\u0644\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u064e\u0643\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0627<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064f\u0628\u0652\u0646.<\/strong> \u2018the two boy ate the cheese.\u2019<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0650\u0646\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u064e\u0639\u0650\u0628\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0627<\/span> \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064e\u062f\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0642\u064e\u0629.<\/strong> \u2018the two girls played in the garden.\u2019<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0647\u064e\u0646\u0652\u062f\u0650\u0633\u064e\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u064e\u0631\u064e\u062c\u064e\u0627<\/span> \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u064e\u0628\u064e\u0627\u062d.<\/strong> \u2018the two engineers went out in the morning.\u2019<\/p>\n

Like the forms of the present, the alif <\/em>shows on the past form of the verb only if it (the verb) is preceded by a dual noun. If the verb appears before the noun, it is not marked for dual, that it remains singular even if it followed by a dual noun, as in these examples:<\/p>\n

\u0623\u064e\u0643\u064e\u0644\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u064e\u0644\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064f\u0628\u0652\u0646.<\/strong> \u2018the two boys ate the cheese.\u2019<\/p>\n

\u0644\u064e\u0639\u0650\u0628\u064e\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0650\u0646\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064e\u062f\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0642\u064e\u0629.<\/strong> \u2018the two girls played in the garden.\u2019<\/p>\n

\u062e\u064e\u0631\u064e\u062c\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0647\u064e\u0646\u0652\u062f\u0650\u0633\u064e\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u064e\u0628\u064e\u0627\u062d.<\/strong> \u2018the two engineers went out in the morning.\u2019<\/p>\n

\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\"\"

As for number, nouns \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0633\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0621 and verbs \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0627\u0644 in Arabic have three forms: singular \u0645\u064f\u0641\u0652\u0631\u064e\u062f, dual \u0645\u064f\u062b\u064e\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0649, and plural \u062c\u064e\u0645\u0652\u0639. The singular refers to a single entity, the dual refers to two entities, and the plural refers to three or more. Forming the dual and plural forms from the singular is usually straightforward. This is…<\/p>\n

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