{"id":16282,"date":"2018-08-28T13:18:12","date_gmt":"2018-08-28T13:18:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/?p=16282"},"modified":"2018-08-28T13:18:12","modified_gmt":"2018-08-28T13:18:12","slug":"some-common-particles-in-arabic-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/some-common-particles-in-arabic-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Some Common Particles in Arabic (2)"},"content":{"rendered":"

In the previous post<\/a>, you learned how some Arabic particles are used. This post continues with another set of particles explaining their possible meanings and how they are used. As seen with the first set, the meaning may be determined by the context in which they occur. They are mostly functional words that are not derived from roots (like nouns and verbs). Some of them are an amalgamation of two particles.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u0645\u064f\u0646\u0652\u0630\u064f<\/span><\/strong><\/h1>\n

\u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652\u0630\u064f<\/strong> is a functional particle that can be followed by a noun or a verbal sentence. When followed by a noun, it functions as the preposition \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652<\/strong>. When followed by a perfective verbal sentence, it functions as an adverb. \u0645\u064f\u0646\u0652\u0630\u064f <\/strong>could mean \u2018since\u2019, \u2018for\u2019, or \u2018ago\u2019 depending on the context, as illustrated in these examples:<\/p>\n

(1) \u0623\u064e\u062f\u0652\u0631\u064f\u0633 \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0643\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0628\u064e\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u0646\u0652\u0630\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u064e\u0628\u064e\u0627\u062d.<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>I have been studying in the library since this morning<\/p>\n

\u0644\u064e\u0645\u0652 \u0646\u064e\u0642\u064e\u0627\u0628\u0650\u0644 \u0623\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0645\u064e\u062f \u0645\u064f\u0646\u0652\u0630\u064f \u064a\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0645\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646.<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>We have not met Ahmed for two days<\/p>\n

\u063a\u064e\u0627\u062f\u064e\u0631\u064e \u0633\u064e\u0644\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0645\u064f\u0646\u0652\u0630\u064f \u0633\u064e\u0646\u064e\u062a\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646.<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Saleem left Yemen two years ago<\/p>\n

\u0623\u064e\u0633\u0652\u0643\u064f\u0646\u064f \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0646\u064f\u064a\u0652\u0648\u064a\u064f\u0648\u0631\u0652\u0643 \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652\u0630\u064f \u0639\u064e\u0627\u0645 2015.<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>I live in New York since 2015<\/p>\n

(2) \u0645\u064e\u0627 \u062e\u064e\u0631\u064e\u062c\u0652\u062a\u064f \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0645\u064f\u0646\u0652\u0630\u064f \u0628\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0623\u062a\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0628.<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>I have not gone outside Yemen since the war erupted<\/p>\n

\u0623\u064e\u062f\u0652\u0631\u064f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u064f\u063a\u064e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0646\u0650\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u0646\u0652\u0630\u064f \u0648\u064e\u0635\u064e\u0644\u0652\u062a\u064f \u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0649 \u0634\u064e\u0646\u0652\u063a\u064e\u0647\u0627\u064a.<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>I am learning Chinese since I arrived in Shanghai<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064e\u0647\u0650\u0645\u0652\u062a\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0627\u0636\u0650\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0627\u062a \u0645\u064f\u0646\u0652\u0630\u064f \u062c\u064e\u0627\u0621\u064e \u0647\u064e\u0630\u064e\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064f\u0633\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0630.<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>I understood math since this teacher came<\/p>\n

\u0642\u064e\u0637\u0651\u064f<\/span><\/strong><\/h1>\n

\u0642\u064e\u0637\u0651\u064f<\/strong> with fatHah<\/em> on the \u0642\u064e<\/strong> should not be confused with \u0642\u0650\u0637\u0651<\/strong> \u2018cat\u2019 with kasrah<\/em> under the \u0642\u0650<\/strong>. It also should not be confused with \u0642\u064e\u0637\u0651\u064e <\/strong>\u2018cut\/break\u2019 with fatHa<\/em> accompanying the shaddah<\/em>. \u0642\u064e\u0637\u0651\u064f <\/strong>means \u2018never\/not ever \/ ever (in questions)\u2019, and it is a functional particle that is used as an adverb of time. It is only used with perfective verbs that are preceded by negative particles, such as \u0644\u064e\u0645\u0652 <\/strong>or \u0645\u064e\u0627<\/strong>, and interrogative particles, such as \u0647\u064e\u0644\u0652<\/strong>, as in these examples:<\/p>\n

\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0632\u064f\u0631\u0652\u062a\u064f \u0627\u0644\u064a\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0646\u064e \u0642\u064e\u0637\u0651.<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>I have never visited Yemen<\/p>\n

\u0644\u064e\u0645\u0652 \u0623\u064e\u0634\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064e\u0645\u0652\u0631 \u0642\u064e\u0637\u0651.<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>I have never drunk wine<\/p>\n

\u0647\u064e\u0644\u0652 \u0634\u064e\u0631\u0650\u0628\u0652\u062a\u064e \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064e\u0645\u0652\u0631 \u0642\u064e\u0637\u0651\u061f<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>have you ever drunk wine?<\/p>\n

\u0647\u064e\u0644\u0652 \u0632\u064f\u0627\u0631\u064f\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u064e\u0637\u0651\u061f<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>have they ever visited Yemen?<\/p>\n

\u0643\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627<\/span><\/strong><\/h1>\n

\u0643\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627<\/strong> is composed of two particles \u0643\u064e\u0640<\/strong>, a preposition that means \u2018as, like\u2019, and \u0645\u064e\u0627<\/strong>. The meaning of \u0643\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627 <\/strong>is similar to \u0643\u0640<\/strong>, and the reason why \u0645\u064e\u0627 <\/strong>is added to it is that \u0643\u064e\u0640 <\/strong>is used only with nouns; therefore, to make it usable with sentences, \u0645\u064e\u0627 <\/strong>has been added to it, as in the following examples:<\/p>\n

\u0643\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0642\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064e \u0645\u064f\u062d\u064e\u0645\u0651\u064e\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0650\u0645\u0652\u062a\u0650\u062d\u064e\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0650\u0639\u0652\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0635\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0628.<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>As Mohammed said, the exam is indeed difficult<\/p>\n

\u064a\u064e\u062c\u0650\u0628\u0652 \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652 \u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0645\u0652\u0644 \u0643\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0639\u064e\u0645\u0650\u0644\u064e \u0639\u064e\u0644\u0650\u064a.<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>You should work like Ali did (work)<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0650\u0641\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0644 \u0643\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0623\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0644.<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Do as I do<\/p>\n

\u0633\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0648\u064e\u0649 \u062c\u064e\u0645\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0629 \u0643\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u062c\u064e\u0627\u0646\u0650\u062a (\u062c\u064e\u0645\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0629).<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Salwa is beautiful like Janet (is).<\/p>\n

\u0643\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627<\/strong> could mean \u2018also\u2019 if it is follow by a verb that is complemented by a sentence that begins with \u0625\u0650\u0646\u0651\u064e \/ \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0651\u064e<\/strong> as in these examples:<\/p>\n

\u0643\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0642\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064e \u0625\u0650\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0647\u064f \u0630\u064e\u0647\u064e\u0628\u064e \u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064e\u0646\u0652\u0643.<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>He also said that he went to the bank<\/p>\n

\u0643\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0627\u0650\u0639\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0641\u064e\u062a\u0652 \u0625\u0650\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0647\u064e\u0627 \u0633\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0642\u064e\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0650\u0644\u064f\u0648\u0633.<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>She also confessed that she stole the money<\/p>\n

\u0643\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0630\u064e\u0643\u064e\u0631\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u064e\u0632\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0631 \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0650\u0642\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0635\u064e\u0627\u062f \u0645\u064f\u0646\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0639\u0650\u0634.<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>The minister also mentioned that the economy was booming<\/p>\n

\u0644\u064e\u0642\u064e\u062f<\/span><\/strong><\/h1>\n

\u0644\u064e\u0642\u064e\u062f\u0652<\/strong> has the same meaning as \u0642\u064e\u062f\u0652 <\/strong>which was explained in the previous post<\/a>. As it appears from the particle itself, a \u0644\u064e <\/strong>has been added to \u0642\u064e\u062f\u0652<\/strong>. This \u0644\u064e<\/strong> is for further emphasis. Also, \u0642\u064e\u062f\u0652 <\/strong>has a present perfect meaning, i.e. an action was just completed \/ done before the time of speaking, while \u0644\u064e\u0642\u064e\u062f\u0652 <\/strong>has a past perfect meaning, i.e. an action was completed before another action in the past and result of completing that action is not pertinent to the time of speaking, as in these examples:<\/p>\n

\u0644\u064e\u0642\u064e\u062f\u0652 \u0641\u064e\u0627\u0632\u064e\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0632\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0644 \u0628\u0650\u0643\u064e\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064e\u0645 \u0639\u0650\u062f\u0651\u064e\u0629 \u0645\u064e\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0627\u062a.<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Brazil had won the world cup many times.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u064e\u0642\u064e\u062f \u0634\u064e\u0627\u0647\u064e\u062f\u062a\u064f \u0647\u064e\u0630\u064e\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0644\u0645.<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>I had already seen this film.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u064e\u0642\u0652\u062f \u0632\u064f\u0631\u0652\u062a\u064f \u0625\u0646\u0650\u062f\u0652\u0648\u0646\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0633\u0650\u064a\u0627 \u0642\u064e\u0628\u0652\u0644\u064e \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652 \u0623\u064e\u0632\u064f\u0648\u0631\u064e \u0645\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0632\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0627.<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>I had already visited Indonesia before I visited Malaysia.<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0650\u0646\u0652\u062f\u064e<\/span><\/strong><\/h1>\n

\u0639\u0650\u0646\u0652\u062f\u064e<\/strong> is a functional particle that has three meanings and uses: 1) an adverb of place \u0638\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0641\u064f \u0645\u064e\u0643\u064e\u0627\u0646<\/strong> that means \u2018near \/ close to, with\u2019, 2) an adverb of time \u0638\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0641\u064f \u0632\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0646<\/strong> that means \u2018at (a time)\u2019, and 3) an adverb that indicates possession \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0643\u0650\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629<\/strong>, and it means \u2018have \/ has, for\u2019. With all three uses, it is always followed by a noun or a pronoun. The following examples illustrates:<\/p>\n

\u0623\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0639\u0650\u0646\u0652\u062f \u062c\u064f\u0648\u0652\u0646.<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>I am at John\u2019s (at John\u2019s house).<\/p>\n

\u0646\u064f\u0635\u064e\u0644\u0651\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u063a\u0652\u0631\u0650\u0628 \u0639\u0650\u0646\u0652\u062f\u064e \u063a\u064f\u0631\u0652\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064e\u0645\u0652\u0633.<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>We pray Maghreb at sunset<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0650\u062c\u0652\u0644\u0650\u0633 \u0639\u0650\u0646\u0652\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064e\u0627\u0628\u064e.<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Sit at \/ near the door<\/p>\n

\u0633\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0628\u0652\u062f\u064e\u0623 \u0639\u0650\u0646\u0652\u062f\u064e \u0633\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u064e\u0641\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0631\u064e\u0629.<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>We will start at \/ when hearing whistle<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0650\u0646\u0652\u062f\u0650\u064a \u0623\u064e\u062e\u0652 \u0648\u0623\u064f\u062e\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0646.<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>I have a brother and two sisters<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u064e\u0644\u0627\u0629\u064f \u0639\u0650\u0646\u0652\u062f\u0650\u064a \u0623\u064e\u0647\u064e\u0645\u0651\u064f \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0639\u0650\u0628.<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>The prayer for me is more important than playing<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0650\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0628\u064e\u0643 \u0639\u0650\u0646\u0652\u062f\u064e \u0639\u064e\u0644\u0650\u064a.<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Your book is with Ali<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0650\u0646\u0652\u062f\u064e\u0647 \u0641\u064f\u0644\u064f\u0648\u0633 \u0643\u064e\u062b\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0629.<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>He has a lot of money<\/p>\n

\u0644\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0649<\/span><\/strong><\/h1>\n

\u0644\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0649<\/strong> is similar to \u0639\u0650\u0646\u0652\u062f\u064e<\/strong>. It is a functional particle that is used for the most part as adverb of place that means \u2018near \/ close to\u2019. It can be used as adverb that indicates possession, i.e. meaning \u2018have \/ has\u2019. It is rarely used as an adverb of time that means \u2018at \/ when\u2019. Its usage is more formal than \u0639\u0650\u0646\u0652\u062f\u064e<\/strong>. Also, it is must be followed by a noun or a pronoun. That is, it is never followed by a sentence. When followed by a pronoun, the alif<\/em> \u0649<\/strong> changes to yaa\u2019<\/em> \u064a<\/strong>. The following examples illustrate:<\/p>\n

\u0644\u064e\u062f\u064e\u064a\u0651\u064e (\u0644\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0649 + \u064a) \u0633\u064e\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0631\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0646.<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>I have two cars<\/p>\n

\u0642\u064e\u0627\u0628\u064e\u0644\u0652\u062a\u064f\u0647\u064f \u0644\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064e\u0627\u0628.<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>I ran into him at the door<\/p>\n

\u0647\u064e\u0644\u0652 \u0644\u064e\u062f\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0643\u064e \u0642\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0645 \u0632\u064e\u0627\u0626\u0650\u062f\u061f<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Do you have an extra pen?<\/p>\n

\u0644\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0649 \u0639\u064e\u0644\u0650\u064a \u0628\u064e\u064a\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0646.<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Ali has two houses<\/p>\n

\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0630\u064e\u0627 \u0644\u064e\u062f\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0647 \/ \u0644\u064e\u062f\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0647\u064e\u0627 \/ \u0644\u064e\u062f\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0643\u064e \/ \u0644\u064e\u062f\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0647\u064f\u0645 \/ \u0644\u064e\u062f\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0627\u061f<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>what (does \/do) he \/she \/ you \/ they\/ we have?<\/p>\n

\u0644\u064e\u062f\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0647 \/ \u0644\u064e\u062f\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0647\u064e\u0627 \/ \u0644\u064e\u062f\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0643\u064e \/ \u0644\u064e\u062f\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0647\u064f\u0645 \/ \u0644\u064e\u062f\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u064f\u0648\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627\u062a \u0645\u064f\u0647\u0650\u0645\u0651\u064e\u0629.<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>He \/ she\/ you \/ they \/ we (have \/ has) important information<\/p>\n

\u0639\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0627<\/span><\/strong><\/h1>\n

\u0639\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0627<\/strong> is a functional particle that is used to express exception. It has the same meaning as \u0625\u0650\u0644\u0651\u0627<\/strong> \u2018except\u2019, as explained in the previous post<\/a>. It must be followed by a noun (or a pronoun). Parsing-wise<\/a>, this noun can be assigned a genitive case (and \u0639\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0627 <\/strong>is considered as a preposition) or an accusative case (and \u0639\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0627 <\/strong>is considered a perfective verb), as in these examples:<\/p>\n

\u0647\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0628\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0639\u0652\u062f\u064e\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0627 \u0648\u064e\u0627\u062d\u0650\u062f\u064d \/ \u0648\u064e\u0627\u062d\u0650\u062f\u064b\u0627.<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>The enemies fled except one<\/p>\n

\u0633\u064e\u0627\u0641\u064e\u0631\u064e\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064f\u0633\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0629 \u0639\u064e\u062f\u0627\u064a.<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>The family travelled except me<\/p>\n

\u0646\u064e\u0627\u0645\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0639\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0627 \u0645\u064f\u062d\u064e\u0645\u0651\u064e\u062f\u064b\u0627 \/ \u0645\u064e\u062d\u064e\u0645\u0651\u064e\u062f\u064d.<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>The boys slept except Mohammed<\/p>\n

\u0639\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0627<\/strong> is sometimes preceded by \u0645\u064e\u0627<\/strong>; however, the resulting phrase \u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0639\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0627 <\/strong>has the same meaning. Lexically, it is no longer a preposition, that is, it is only a verb, and hence, the noun that follows must always be accusative.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\"\"

In the previous post, you learned how some Arabic particles are used. This post continues with another set of particles explaining their possible meanings and how they are used. As seen with the first set, the meaning may be determined by the context in which they occur. They are mostly functional words that are not…<\/p>\n

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