{"id":16304,"date":"2018-09-20T21:12:58","date_gmt":"2018-09-20T21:12:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/?p=16304"},"modified":"2018-09-20T21:12:58","modified_gmt":"2018-09-20T21:12:58","slug":"basic-arabic-the-alphabet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/basic-arabic-the-alphabet\/","title":{"rendered":"Basic Arabic: The Alphabet"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0628\u0652\u062c\u064e\u062f\u0650\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0628\u0650\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629<\/strong> al-abjadiiyah al-\u2018arabiiyah<\/em>, i.e. the Arabic Alphabetical System, includes twenty-eight letters. In addition to the alif <\/em>\u0627 <\/strong>and the alif al-madd <\/em>\u0622<\/strong>, they are thirty.\u00a0 Nearly all these letters are consonants. Vowels are two types: long and short. Long vowels are represented by letters, while the short ones are represented by diacritical marks. Each letter has four pronunciations based on the short vowel that accompanies it. This post provides the essential information that you need to know about the Arabic Alphabetical System.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

In the table above is a list of the Arabic letters \/ sounds. They are ordered according to the place of articulation, that is from the front of the oral cavity (the lips and teeth) to the back (the throat). In the first right column, the letters are not accompanied by diacritics, so they are called saakinah<\/em> (i.e. with no short vowel), and hence are pronounced as b<\/em>, m<\/em>, w<\/em>, f<\/em>, \u2026 etc.<\/p>\n

When accompanied by shorts vowels, each of them has three variant pronunciations. With the fatHah <\/em>\u064e, they are pronounced as ba<\/em>, ma<\/em>, wa<\/em>, fa<\/em> \u2026 etc., as in the second column. With the kasrah <\/em>\u0650, they are pronounced as bi<\/em>, mi<\/em>, wi<\/em>, fi <\/em>\u2026 etc., as in the third column. With the DHammah <\/em>\u064f, they are pronounced as bu<\/em>, mu<\/em>, wu<\/em>, fu <\/em>\u2026 etc., as in the fourth column.<\/p>\n

For each short vowel, there is a corresponding long vowel. Hence, for the fatHah<\/em>, it is \u0627 \/ \u0640\u0627<\/strong> aa<\/em>; for the kasrah <\/em>\u0650, it is \u064a \/ \u0640\u064a\u0640<\/strong>; and for the DHammah<\/em>, it is \u0648 \/ \u0640\u0648<\/strong>. The alif <\/em>\u0627 \/ \u0640\u0627 <\/strong>is always a vowel (i.e. it is never accompanied by short vowels; therefore, it is not listed in the table above. \u064a <\/strong>and \u0648<\/strong>, on the other hand, can be consonants, that is they can be accompanied by short vowels, as listed in the table. When they are vowels, they are never accompanied by short vowels, that is they are saakinah<\/em>.<\/p>\n

In Arabic short vowels are referred to as \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0643\u064e\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064e\u0635\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0629<\/strong> al-Harakaat al-qaSiirah<\/em>, while long vowels are called \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0643\u064e\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u064e\u0648\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0629<\/strong> al-Harakaat aT-Tawiilah<\/em>. As far as pronunciation, the long vowels are basically prolonging the short vowels. For example, \u0641\u064e <\/strong>(with fatHah<\/em>) is pronounced as ba<\/em>. If followed by the alif <\/em>(i.e. \u0641\u064e\u0627<\/strong>), it is pronounced as faa<\/em>. Likewise, \u0646\u0650 <\/strong>(with a kasrah<\/em>) is pronounced as ni<\/em>; if followed by the corresponding long vowel (i.e. \u0646\u0650\u064a<\/strong>), it is pronounced as nii<\/em>. Also, \u0643\u064f <\/strong>(with a DHammah<\/em>) is pronounced as ku<\/em>; if followed by the corresponding long vowel (i.e. \u0643\u064f\u0648<\/strong>), it is pronounced as kuu<\/em>. Here are more illustrations:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
The letter with a short vowel<\/td>\nPronunciation<\/td>\nThe letter with a long vowel<\/td>\nPronunciation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u062e\u064e<\/strong><\/td>\nkha<\/em><\/td>\n\u062e\u064e\u0627<\/strong><\/td>\nkhaa<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u062f\u0650<\/strong><\/td>\ndi<\/em><\/td>\n\u062f\u0650\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\ndii <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0644\u064f<\/strong><\/td>\nlu <\/em><\/td>\n\u0644\u064f\u0648<\/strong><\/td>\nluu <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u062d\u0650<\/strong><\/td>\nHi<\/em><\/td>\n\u062d\u0650\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\nHii<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0634\u064f<\/strong><\/td>\nshu <\/em><\/td>\n\u0634\u064f\u0648<\/strong><\/td>\nshuu <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0631\u064e<\/strong><\/td>\nra <\/em><\/td>\n\u0631\u064e\u0627<\/strong><\/td>\nraa <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

As seen from the table above, the fatHah <\/em>\u064e<\/strong> and DHammah<\/em> \u064f<\/strong> are written on the letter, while the kasrah <\/em>\u0650<\/strong> is written below the letter. As for the long vowels, they are simply connected to the preceding consonant, and they trigger the appearance of corresponding short vowels on the letter to which they are joined.<\/p>\n

When long vowels are joined to it, the hamzah <\/em>changes orthographically. If it followed by \u0648 <\/strong>or \u064a<\/strong>, it is written on the line \u0640\u0626\u0640<\/strong>. If it followed by an alif <\/em>\u0640\u0627 \/ \u0627<\/strong>, it changes to alif madd <\/em>\u0622.<\/p>\n

You may be wondering what the difference between the hamzah <\/em>\u0621 <\/strong>and the alif <\/em>\u0627 <\/strong>is. While the hamzah <\/em>can be accompanied by short vowels, that is \u0621\u064e<\/strong>, \u0621\u0650<\/strong>, and \u0621\u064f <\/strong>(i.e. \u2018a<\/em>, \u2019i<\/em>, and \u2019u<\/em>), they never accompany the alif<\/em>, as it is always saakin <\/em>(i.e. accompanied by sukuun<\/em>).<\/p>\n

In modern written Arabic, the short vowels are not added mainly for practical reasons; that is, it is time-consuming to add them to every single written word. Native speakers, however, can pronounce words with the right short vowels. Given their intuition, as native speakers, and the context, they rarely mispronounce words. When ambiguity is inevitable, one or two short vowels are added to disambiguate typographically similar words.<\/p>\n

Joining Letters<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Arabic is a cursive language; letters must be joined to form words. Almost all the letters have four different shapes: in isolation, word-initially, word-medially, and word-finally, as shown in the table below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

How Arabic Letters are Joined<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Individual letters<\/td>\nWord-initially<\/td>\nWord-medially<\/td>\nWord-finally<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0627<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u0627\u00a0 |\u00a0 \u0627<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u0627\u00a0 |\u00a0 \u0627<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0628<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0628\u0640\u0640<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u0628\u0640\u0640<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u0628\u00a0 | \u0628<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u062a<\/strong><\/td>\n\u062a\u0640\u0640<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u062a\u0640\u0640<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u062a\u00a0 | \u062a<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u062b<\/strong><\/td>\n\u062b\u0640\u0640<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u062b\u0640\u0640<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u062b\u00a0 |\u00a0 \u062b<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u062c<\/strong><\/td>\n\u062c\u0640\u0640<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u062c\u0640\u0640<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u062c\u00a0 |\u00a0 \u062c<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u062d<\/strong><\/td>\n\u062d\u0640\u0640<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u062d\u0640\u0640<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u062d\u00a0 |\u00a0 \u062d<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u062e<\/strong><\/td>\n\u062e\u0640\u0640<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u062e\u0640\u0640<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u062e\u00a0 | \u062e<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u062f<\/strong><\/td>\n\u062f<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u062f<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u062f\u00a0 |\u00a0 \u062f<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0630<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0630<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u0630<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u0630\u00a0 |\u00a0 \u0630<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u0631\u00a0 |\u00a0 \u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0632<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0632<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u0632<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u0632\u00a0 |\u00a0 \u0632<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0633<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0633\u0640\u0640<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u0633\u0640\u0640<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u0633\u00a0 |\u00a0 \u0633<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0634<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0634\u0640\u0640<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u0634\u0640\u0640<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u0634\u00a0 |\u00a0 \u0634<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0635<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0635\u0640\u0640<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u0635\u0640\u0640<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u0635\u00a0 |\u00a0 \u0635<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0636<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0636\u0640\u0640<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u0636\u0640\u0640<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u0636\u00a0 |\u00a0 \u0636<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0637<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0637\u0640\u0640<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u0637\u0640\u0640<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u0637\u00a0 |\u00a0 \u0637<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0638<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0638\u0640\u0640<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u0638\u0640\u0640<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u0638\u00a0 |\u00a0 \u0638<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0639<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0639\u0640\u0640<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u0639\u0640\u0640<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u0639\u00a0 |\u00a0 \u0639<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u063a<\/strong><\/td>\n\u063a\u0640\u0640<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u063a\u0640\u0640<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u063a\u00a0 |\u00a0 \u063a<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0641<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0641\u0640\u0640<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u0641\u0640\u0640<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u0641\u00a0 |\u00a0 \u0641<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0642<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0642\u0640\u0640<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u0642\u0640\u0640<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u0642\u00a0 |\u00a0 \u0642<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0643<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0643\u0640\u0640<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u0643\u0640\u0640<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u0643\u00a0 |\u00a0 \u0643<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0644<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0644\u0640\u0640<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u0644\u0640\u0640<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u0644\u00a0 |\u00a0 \u0644<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0645<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0645\u0640\u0640<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u0645\u0640\u0640<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u0645\u00a0 |\u00a0 \u0645<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0646\u0640\u0640<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u0646\u0640\u0640<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u0646\u00a0 |\u00a0 \u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0647<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0647\u0640\u0640<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u0647\u0640\u0640<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u0647\u00a0 |\u00a0 <\/strong>\u0647<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0648<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0648<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u0648<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u0648\u00a0 |\u00a0 \u0648<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0621<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0623\u00a0 |\u00a0 \u0625<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0626\u0640 | \u0640\u0623 |\u00a0 \u0640\u0624<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0623 | \u0640\u0626 | \u0626 | \u0640\u0624 |\u0621<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n\u064a\u0640\u0640<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u064a\u0640\u0640<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u064a\u00a0 |\u00a0 \u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0622<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0622<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u0622\u00a0 |\u00a0 \u0622<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0640\u0640\u0622\u00a0 |\u00a0 \u0622<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Six letters in table above don\u2019t join to subsequent letters; they only join to preceding letters. These are \u0627<\/strong>, \u062f<\/strong>, \u0630<\/strong>, \u0631<\/strong>, \u0632<\/strong>, and \u0648<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

The following examples illustrate how the Arabic letters look like in actual words.<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0640\u064e\u00a0 + \u0640\u062a\u0640\u064e \u00a0+\u00a0 \u0640\u0631\u064e\u00a0 = \u0628\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0631\u064e<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u062e\u064e\u0640\u00a0 +\u00a0 \u0640\u0634\u064e\u0640\u00a0 +\u00a0 \u0640\u0628\u064e\u0640\u00a0 +\u00a0 \u0640\u0627\u00a0 +\u00a0 \u062a\u00a0 = \u062e\u064e\u0634\u064e\u0628\u064e\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u0634\u0640\u0650\u00a0 +\u00a0 \u0640\u0628\u0640\u0652\u00a0 +\u00a0 \u0640\u0633\u064c\u00a0 = \u00a0\u0634\u0650\u0628\u0652\u0633\u064c<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u062f\u064f\u00a0 +\u00a0 \u062d\u0640\u0650\u00a0 + \u00a0\u0640\u0631\u064e\u00a0 = \u00a0\u062f\u064f\u062d\u0650\u0631\u064e<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u062d\u064e\u0640\u00a0 +\u00a0 \u0640\u0631\u064e\u00a0 +\u00a0 \u062f\u0652 \u00a0+\u00a0 \u0646\u064e\u00a0 +\u00a0 \u0627\u00a0 =\u00a0 \u062d\u064e\u0631\u064e\u062f\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0627<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u062a\u064e\u0640\u00a0 +\u00a0 \u0640\u062e\u0652\u0640\u00a0 +\u00a0 \u0631\u064f\u00a0 +\u00a0 \u062c\u064e\u00a0 +\u00a0 \u0627\u00a0 +\u00a0 \u0646\u00a0 = \u062a\u064e\u062e\u0652\u0631\u064f\u062c\u064e\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u0639\u064e\u0640\u00a0 +\u00a0 \u0640\u0641\u064e\u0640\u00a0 +\u00a0 \u0627\u00a0 +\u00a0 \u0641\u00a0 =\u00a0 \u0639\u064e\u0641\u064e\u0627\u0641<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u0646\u064f\u0640\u00a0 +\u00a0 \u0640\u0643\u0652\u0640\u00a0 +\u00a0 \u0640\u0631\u064e\u00a0 +\u00a0 \u0627\u00a0 +\u00a0 \u0646 =\u00a0 \u0646\u064f\u0643\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u0648\u064f\u00a0 +\u00a0 \u062c\u064f\u0640\u00a0 +\u00a0 \u0640\u0648\u00a0 +\u00a0 \u0647\u00a0 =\u00a0 \u0648\u064f\u062c\u064f\u0648\u0647<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u0647\u064f\u0640\u00a0 +\u00a0 \u0640\u0645\u064f\u0640\u00a0 +\u00a0 \u0648\u00a0 + \u00a0\u0645\u064f\u0640\u00a0 + \u0640\u0647\u064f\u00a0 = \u0647\u064f\u0645\u064f\u0648\u0652\u0645\u064f\u0647\u064f<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u064a\u064e\u0640\u00a0 +\u00a0 \u0640\u0628\u0652\u0640\u00a0 +\u00a0 \u0640\u062f\u00a0 +\u00a0 \u0623\u00a0 =\u00a0 \u064a\u064e\u0628\u0652\u062f\u064e\u0623<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u0645\u064f\u0640\u00a0 +\u00a0 \u0640\u0641\u064e\u0640\u00a0 +\u00a0 \u0640\u0627\u00a0 +\u00a0 \u062c\u0650\u0640\u00a0 +\u00a0 \u0640\u0626\u00a0 =\u00a0 \u0645\u064f\u0641\u064e\u0627\u062c\u0650\u0626<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u0645\u064e\u0640\u00a0 +\u00a0 \u0640\u0633\u064e\u0640\u00a0 +\u00a0 \u0640\u0627\u00a0 +\u00a0 \u0621\u00a0 =\u00a0 \u0645\u064e\u0633\u064e\u0627\u0621<\/span> <\/strong><\/h2>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\"\"

\u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0628\u0652\u062c\u064e\u062f\u0650\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0628\u0650\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629 al-abjadiiyah al-\u2018arabiiyah, i.e. the Arabic Alphabetical System, includes twenty-eight letters. In addition to the alif \u0627 and the alif al-madd \u0622, they are thirty.\u00a0 Nearly all these letters are consonants. Vowels are two types: long and short. Long vowels are represented by letters, while the short ones are represented by diacritical marks. Each…<\/p>\n

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