{"id":16324,"date":"2018-09-27T09:56:33","date_gmt":"2018-09-27T09:56:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/?p=16324"},"modified":"2018-09-27T09:56:33","modified_gmt":"2018-09-27T09:56:33","slug":"basic-arabic-the-noun-and-its-forms","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/basic-arabic-the-noun-and-its-forms\/","title":{"rendered":"Basic Arabic: The Noun and Its Forms"},"content":{"rendered":"

A word in Arabic can be a noun \u0627\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0645<\/strong>, a verb \u0641\u0650\u0639\u0652\u0644<\/strong>, or a particle \u062d\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0641<\/strong>. The Noun \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0645 <\/strong>al-ism<\/em> stands for something that can be concrete or abstract. It can be indefinite or definite; singular, dual, or plural; masculine or feminine. In a sentence, it functions as a subject (of verbal and nominal sentences) or an object (of a verb and a preposition). This post explains the basic forms of the noun in Arabic.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Indefinite vs Definite:<\/span> <\/strong><\/p>\n

An indefinite noun is called \u0646\u064e\u0643\u0650\u0631\u064e\u0629<\/strong> nakirah<\/em>. It does not refer to a specific object \/ thing. In Modern Standard Arabic, it is marked by tanween<\/em>. In other words, tanween <\/em>that is added to the end of singular nouns marks indefiniteness (NB: in the list below, tanween <\/em>is not added). There are three ways to change it to a definite noun, i.e. \u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0631\u0650\u0641\u064e\u0629<\/strong> ma\u2018rifah<\/em>. The most common way of these is by adding the definite article \u0627\u0644 <\/strong>to the beginning of the indefinite, as illustrated in the below:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Indefinite \u0646\u064e\u0643\u0650\u0631\u064e\u0629 <\/strong>nakirah<\/em><\/td>\nDefinite \u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0631\u0650\u0641\u064e\u0629 <\/strong>ma\u2018rifah<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0643\u0650\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0628<\/strong> kitaab<\/em><\/td>\na book<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0650\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0628<\/strong> al-kitaab<\/em><\/td>\nthe book<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u062e\u064e\u0631\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0637\u064e\u0629<\/strong> khariiTah<\/em><\/td>\na map<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064e\u0631\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0637\u064e\u0629<\/strong> al-khariiTah<\/em><\/td>\nthe map<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0643\u064f\u0631\u0652\u0633\u0650\u064a<\/strong> kursii<\/em><\/td>\na chair<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064f\u0631\u0652\u0633\u0650\u064a<\/strong> al-kursii<\/em><\/td>\nthe chair<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u062c\u0650\u062f\u064e\u0627\u0631<\/strong> jidaar<\/em><\/td>\na wall<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0650\u062f\u064e\u0627\u0631<\/strong> al-jidaar<\/em><\/td>\nthe wall<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0628\u064e\u0627\u0628<\/strong> baab<\/em><\/td>\na door<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064e\u0627\u0628<\/strong> al-baab<\/em><\/td>\nthe door<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0635\u064e\u062f\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0642<\/strong> Sadiiq<\/em><\/td>\na friend<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u064e\u062f\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0642<\/strong> aS-Sadiiq<\/em><\/td>\nthe friend<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0637\u064e\u0627\u0648\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0629<\/strong> Taawilah<\/em><\/td>\na table<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0648\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0629<\/strong> aT-Taawilah<\/em><\/td>\nthe table<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0646\u064e\u0627\u0641\u0650\u0630\u064e\u0629<\/strong> naafidhah<\/em><\/td>\na window<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0641\u0650\u0630\u064e\u0629<\/strong> an-naafidhah<\/em><\/td>\nthe window<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0634\u064e\u0646\u0652\u0637\u064e\u0629<\/strong> shanTah<\/em><\/td>\na bag<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064e\u0646\u0652\u0637\u064e\u0629<\/strong> ash-shanTah<\/em><\/td>\nthe bag<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u062f\u064e\u0641\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0631<\/strong> daftar <\/em><\/td>\na notebook<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064e\u0641\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0631<\/strong> ad-daftar <\/em><\/td>\nthe notebook<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Moon Letters vs. Sun Letters:<\/span> <\/strong><\/p>\n

In the list of examples above, the definite article \u0627\u0644 <\/strong>is pronounced in the first five examples, but not in the others. When \u0627\u0644 <\/strong>is followed by the moon letters, it is clearly pronounced; if it is followed the sun letters, it is assimilated, and the sun letters becomes a geminate (i.e. doubled).<\/p>\n

The cause of the assimilation is related to the position from which the sound (that represents the letter) is produced. That is, if the sound is produced from the proximity of the laam <\/em>\/l\/, the assimilation is mandatory due to sharing many features with the laam <\/em>\/l\/. Letters that are produced from this area are \u062a \u060c \u062b \u060c \u062f \u060c \u0630 \u060c \u0631 \u060c \u0632 \u060c \u0633 \u060c \u0634 \u060c \u0635 \u060c \u0636 \u060c \u0637 \u060c \u0638 \u060c \u0644 \u060c \u0646<\/strong>. The remaining letters are produced from areas in the oral cavity that are far from the area of the laam<\/em>. These letters are \u0623 \u060c \u0628 \u060c \u062c \u060c \u062d \u060c \u062e \u060c \u0639 \u060c \u063a \u060c \u0641 \u060c \u0642 \u060c \u0643 \u060c \u0645 \u060c \u0648 \u060c \u0647\u0640 \u060c \u064a<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

The reason for calling them sun letters and moon letters is the sharp contrast between these two one-of-a-kind heavenly objects. Sun <\/em>in Arabic is \u0634\u064e\u0645\u0652\u0633 <\/strong>and moon <\/em>is \u0642\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0631<\/strong>. When adding the \u0627\u0644 <\/strong>to the beginning, they become \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064e\u0645\u0652\u0633 <\/strong>(pronounced as \u0627\u064e\u0634\u0651\u064e\u0645\u0652\u0633<\/strong>) and \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0631 <\/strong>(no change in pronunciation). Therefore, the assimilation of \u0644 <\/strong>to \u0634 <\/strong>in \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064e\u0645\u0652\u0633 <\/strong>is taken as a representation of the sounds to which the \u0644 <\/strong>gets assimilated, hence called sun letters <\/em>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064f\u0631\u064f\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064e\u0645\u0652\u0633\u0650\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629<\/strong>. Similarly, the non-assimilation of \u0644 <\/strong>to \u0642 <\/strong>is taken as a representation of the sounds that block the assimilation of \u0644<\/strong>, so they are called moon letters <\/em>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064f\u0631\u064f\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0631\u0650\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629<\/strong>. \u00a0The following examples illustrate further.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Indefinite<\/strong><\/td>\nDefinite<\/strong><\/td>\nPronunciation<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u062a\u064e\u0645\u0652\u0631<\/strong> dates (fruit)<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0645\u0652\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0627\u064e\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0645\u0652\u0631<\/strong> at-tmr <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0643\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0628<\/strong> dog<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0628<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0628<\/strong> al-kalb<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u062a\u0650\u0644\u0650\u0641\u064f\u0648\u0646<\/strong> telephone<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0650\u0644\u0650\u0641\u064f\u0648\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0627\u064e\u062a\u0651\u0650\u0644\u0650\u0641\u064f\u0648\u0646<\/strong> at-tilifuun<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0642\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0645<\/strong> pen<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0645<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0645<\/strong> al-qalam<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0632\u064e\u064a\u0652\u062a\u064f\u0648\u0646<\/strong> olive<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u064e\u064a\u0652\u062a\u064f\u0648\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0627\u064e\u0632\u0651\u064e\u064a\u0652\u062a\u064f\u0648\u0646<\/strong> az-zayytuun <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u062e\u064f\u0628\u0652\u0632<\/strong> bread<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064f\u0628\u0652\u0632<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064f\u0628\u0652\u0632<\/strong> al-khubz <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0633\u064e\u0643\u0651\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0646<\/strong> knife<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064e\u0643\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0627\u064e\u0633\u0651\u064e\u0643\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0646<\/strong> as-sakkiin<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0648\u064e\u0631\u0652\u062f\u064e\u0629<\/strong> flower<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0648\u064e\u0631\u0652\u062f\u064e\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0648\u064e\u0631\u0652\u062f\u064e\u0629<\/strong> al-wardah<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0635\u064e\u0628\u064e\u0627\u062d<\/strong> morning<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u064e\u0628\u064e\u0627\u062d<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0627\u064e\u0635\u0651\u064e\u0628\u064e\u0627\u062d<\/strong> aS-SabaaH<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0628\u064e\u064a\u0652\u062a<\/strong> house<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064e\u064a\u0652\u062a<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064e\u064a\u0652\u062a<\/strong> al-bayt <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Singular, Dual, and Plural:<\/span> <\/strong><\/p>\n

A singular<\/em> \u0645\u064f\u0641\u0652\u0631\u064e\u062f <\/strong>mufrah<\/em> noun refers to one person or entity; a dual<\/em> \u0645\u064f\u062b\u064e\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0649 <\/strong>muthanna<\/em> refers to two; and a plural<\/em> \u062c\u064e\u0645\u0652\u0639 <\/strong>jam\u2018<\/em> refers to three or more. The dual<\/em> is derived from the singular <\/em>by adding \u0640\u0627\u0646<\/strong> regardless of the type of singular (i.e. animate, inanimate, masculine, or feminine). The plural <\/em>is a little more complicated. There are two types of it: sound plural \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064e\u0645\u0652\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0650\u0645 <\/strong>al-jam\u2018 as-saalim <\/em>and broken plural \u062c\u064e\u0645\u0652\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0643\u0652\u0633\u0650\u064a\u0631 <\/strong>jam\u2018 at-taksiir<\/em>. The sound plural is regular and is derived from the singular<\/em> by adding \u0640\u0648\u0646 <\/strong>in the case of the masculine, and \u0640\u0627\u062a <\/strong>in the case of the feminine, as in the list below. The broken plural is irregular. It has different forms and multiple rules; therefore, it is not explained here.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Singular<\/strong><\/td>\nDual<\/strong><\/td>\nPlural<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0645\u064f\u062f\u064e\u0631\u0651\u0650\u0633<\/strong> mudarris<\/em><\/td>\na teacher<\/td>\n\u0645\u064f\u062f\u064e\u0631\u0651\u0650\u0633\u064e\u0627\u0646<\/strong> ~aan<\/em><\/td>\n\u0645\u064f\u062f\u064e\u0631\u0651\u0650\u0633\u064f\u0648\u0646<\/strong> ~<\/strong>uun<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u064f\u0633\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0630\u064e\u0629<\/strong> \u2019ustaadhah<\/em><\/td>\na female teacher<\/td>\n\u0623\u064f\u0633\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0630\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0623\u064f\u0633\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0630\u064e\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u062c\u064e\u0627\u0645\u0650\u0639\u064e\u0629<\/strong> jaami\u2018ah<\/em><\/td>\na university<\/td>\n\u062c\u064e\u0627\u0645\u0650\u0639\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0646<\/strong> ~taan<\/em><\/td>\n\u062c\u064e\u0627\u0645\u0650\u0639\u064e\u0627\u062a<\/strong> ~aat<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0633\u064e\u0627\u0626\u0650\u0642<\/strong> saa\u2019iq<\/em><\/td>\na driver<\/td>\n\u0633\u064e\u0627\u0626\u0650\u0642\u064e\u0627\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0633\u064e\u0627\u0626\u0650\u0642\u064f\u0648\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0637\u064e\u0628\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0628\u064e\u0629<\/strong> Tabiibah<\/em><\/td>\na female doctor<\/td>\n\u0637\u064e\u0628\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0628\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0637\u064e\u0628\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0628\u064e\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0645\u064f\u0628\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0645\u0650\u062c<\/strong> mubarmij<\/em><\/td>\na programmer<\/td>\n\u0645\u064f\u0628\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0645\u0650\u062c\u064e\u0627\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0645\u064f\u0628\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0645\u0650\u062c\u064f\u0648\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0648\u064e\u0632\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0629<\/strong> waziirah<\/em><\/td>\na female minister<\/td>\n\u0648\u064e\u0632\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0631\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0648\u064e\u0632\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0644\u064e\u0627\u0639\u0650\u0628<\/strong> laa\u2018ib<\/em><\/td>\na player<\/td>\n\u0644\u064e\u0627\u0639\u0650\u0628\u064e\u0627\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0644\u064e\u0627\u0639\u0650\u0628\u064f\u0648\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0637\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0650\u0628\u064e\u0629<\/strong> Taalibah<\/em><\/td>\na female student<\/td>\n\u0637\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0650\u0628\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0637\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0650\u0628\u064e\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0645\u064f\u0647\u064e\u0646\u0652\u062f\u0650\u0633<\/strong> muhandis<\/em><\/td>\nan engineer<\/td>\n\u0645\u064f\u0647\u064e\u0646\u0652\u062f\u0650\u0633\u064e\u0627\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0645\u064f\u0647\u064e\u0646\u0652\u062f\u0650\u0633\u064f\u0648\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

When changing the feminine nouns to dual<\/em>, the \u0640\u0629<\/strong>, which is the feminine marker \/ suffix, is changed to a regular \u062a <\/strong>before the dual suffix, hence \u0637\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0650\u0628\u064e\u0629 <\/strong>becomes \u0637\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0650\u0628\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0646<\/strong>. In the plural, it (the \u0640\u0629<\/strong>) is dropped before adding the plural suffix, so \u0637\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0650\u0628\u064e\u0629 <\/strong>becomes \u0637\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0650\u0628\u064e\u0627\u062a<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Masculine vs. Feminine:<\/span> <\/strong><\/p>\n

In Arabic, most feminine nouns that refer to human are derived from masculine nouns by adding the feminine marker \/ suffix. \u0640\u0629 <\/strong>, which is called \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0628\u064f\u0648\u0637\u064e\u0629 <\/strong>at-taa\u2019 al-marbuuTah<\/em>, is the feminine marker, as in the following list:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Masculine<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\nFeminine<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0637\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0650\u0628<\/strong> Taalib<\/em><\/td>\na student<\/td>\n\u0637\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0650\u0628\u064e\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0637\u064e\u0628\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0628<\/strong> Tabiib <\/em><\/td>\na doctor \/ physician<\/td>\n\u0637\u064e\u0628\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0628\u064e\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0648\u064e\u0632\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0631<\/strong> waziir<\/em><\/td>\na minister<\/td>\n\u0648\u064e\u0632\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0643\u064e\u0627\u062a\u0650\u0628<\/strong> kaatib<\/em><\/td>\na writer<\/td>\n\u0643\u064e\u0627\u062a\u0650\u0628\u064e\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0641\u064e\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0646<\/strong> fannaan<\/em><\/td>\nan artiste<\/td>\n\u0641\u064e\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064e\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0645\u064f\u0630\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0639<\/strong> mudhii\u2018<\/em><\/td>\na newsreader<\/td>\n\u0645\u064f\u0630\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u062e\u064e\u0628\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0631<\/strong> khabiir<\/em><\/td>\nan expert<\/td>\n\u062e\u064e\u0628\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0645\u064f\u0645\u064e\u062b\u0651\u0650\u0644<\/strong> mumaththil<\/em><\/td>\nan actor<\/td>\n\u0645\u064f\u0645\u064e\u062b\u0651\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Generally, nouns that end with \u0640\u0629 <\/strong>are considered feminine nouns even if they refer to entities other than human, as in these examples:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0633\u064e\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0631\u064e\u0629<\/strong> sayyaarah<\/em><\/td>\na car<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u063a\u064f\u0631\u0652\u0641\u064e\u0629<\/strong> ghurfah<\/em><\/td>\na room<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0634\u064e\u0642\u0651\u064e\u0629<\/strong> shaqqah<\/em><\/td>\nan apartment<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0642\u0650\u0637\u0651\u064e\u0629<\/strong> qiTTah<\/em><\/td>\na cat<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0643\u064f\u0644\u0651\u0650\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629<\/strong> kulliyyah<\/em><\/td>\na college<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0633\u064e\u0627\u0639\u064e\u0629<\/strong> saa\u2018ah<\/em><\/td>\na watch<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0634\u064e\u062c\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0629<\/strong> shajarah<\/em><\/td>\na tree<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0645\u064e\u0643\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0628\u064e\u0629<\/strong> maktabah<\/em><\/td>\na library<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\"\"

A word in Arabic can be a noun \u0627\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0645, a verb \u0641\u0650\u0639\u0652\u0644, or a particle \u062d\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0641. The Noun \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0645 al-ism stands for something that can be concrete or abstract. It can be indefinite or definite; singular, dual, or plural; masculine or feminine. In a sentence, it functions as a subject (of verbal and nominal sentences)…<\/p>\n

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