{"id":2018,"date":"2011-07-25T01:00:04","date_gmt":"2011-07-25T01:00:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/?p=2018"},"modified":"2011-07-25T00:35:19","modified_gmt":"2011-07-25T00:35:19","slug":"2-arabic-diacritics-al-tashkeel-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%80%d8%aa%d9%80%d8%b4%d9%80%d9%83%d9%80%d9%8a%d9%80%d9%80%d9%80%d9%84","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/2-arabic-diacritics-al-tashkeel-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%80%d8%aa%d9%80%d8%b4%d9%80%d9%83%d9%80%d9%8a%d9%80%d9%80%d9%80%d9%84\/","title":{"rendered":"(2) Arabic Diacritics (Al-Tashkeel \u0627\u0644\u0640\u062a\u0640\u0634\u0640\u0643\u0640\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0644 )"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul>\n<li>The Harakaat <span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/span> which literally means &#8220;motions&#8221; are the short vowel marks but Tashkeel refers to other vowel or consonant diacritics..<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>* <strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Fathah <\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\/\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u0640\u064e<\/span><\/strong><strong><\/strong><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/span><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\/<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Fatha <span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629<\/strong><\/span> is a small diagonal line placed above a letter and represents a short \/<strong>a<\/strong>\/. The word Fatha itself means &#8220;opening&#8221; and refers to the opening of the mouth when any letter with this mark; e.g. <span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>\u0643\u064e\u0640\u062a\u0640\u064e\u0628\u064e<\/strong><\/span> \/kataba\/ = to write.<\/p>\n<h2>* <strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Kasrah \/\u00a0 <\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;text-decoration: underline\">\u0640\u0650\u00a0<\/span> <\/span>\/\u00a0 <\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A similar diagonal line below a letter is called a Kasrah <span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>\u0643\u0633\u0631\u0629<\/strong><\/span> and refers to a short \/<strong>i<\/strong>\/. The word kasrah literally means &#8220;breaking&#8221;; e.g. <span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>\u0645\u0640\u0650\u0640\u0646<\/strong><\/span> \/min\/ = from.<\/p>\n<h2>* <strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Dammah \/ <\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;text-decoration: underline\">\u0640\u064f<\/span> <\/span>\/<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Dammah <span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0629<\/strong><\/span> is a small curl-like diacritic placed above a letter to represent a short \/<strong>u<\/strong>\/ or \/<strong>o<\/strong>\/; e.g. <span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>\u0643\u0640\u064f\u0640\u062a\u0640\u064f\u0640\u0628<\/strong><\/span> \/kotob\/ = books. If the dammah is written with a following (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong>\u0648<\/strong><\/span>) \/waw\/, it designates a long \/<strong>u:<\/strong>\/ = \/<strong>oo<\/strong>\/ \u00a0(as in the English word &#8220;blue&#8221;); e.g. <span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>\u0628\u0640\u064f\u0640\u0648\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/span> \/boomah\/ = an owl. However, if the <span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong>\u0648<\/strong><\/span> \/waw\/ is pronounced as\u00a0 diphthong \/<strong>aw<\/strong>\/, a fatha should be written on the preceding consonant to avoid mispronunciation; e.g. <strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff\">\u064a\u0640\u064e\u0648\u0645<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff\">\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\/y<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">a<\/span>wm\/ = day.<\/p>\n<h2>* <strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Sukoon \/\u00a0 <\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;text-decoration: underline\">\u0640\u0652<\/span> <\/span>\/<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Sukoon <span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0640\u0643\u0648\u0646<\/strong><\/span> is a circle-shaped diacritic placed above a letter. It indicates that the consonant to which it is attached is not followed by a vowel. The sukoon is a necessary symbol for writing consonant-vowel-consonant syllables which are very common in Arabic; e.g. <span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>\u0645\u064e\u062f\u064e\u062f\u0652<\/strong><\/span> \/madad\/ = supply or support or aid. The sukoon may also be used to help represent a diphthong. A Fatha followed by the letter <strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u0649<\/span><\/strong> \/yaa\/ with a sukoon over the yaa indicates the diphthong \/<strong>ay<\/strong>\/ e.g. <span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>\u0628\u0640\u064e\u0640\u064a\u0640\u0652\u062a<\/strong><\/span> \/ bayt\/ = home and the same with the other diphthong\u00a0<strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u0648<\/span><\/strong> \/<strong><span style=\"color: #000000\">aw<\/span><\/strong>\/ like in <span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>\u064a\u0640\u064e\u0640\u0648\u0652\u0645<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\/yawm\/ = day.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;text-decoration: underline\"><strong><em>Note<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/span> : <strong><em>The harakaat or vowel points serve two purposes:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">(1) They serve as a phonetical guide. They indicate the presence of short vowels (fatha, kasra, or damma) or their absence (sukoon).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">(2) At the last letter of a word, the vowel point reflects the\u00a0inflection case or conjugation mood.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 &#8211; For <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">nouns<\/span>, The damma is for the nominative, fatha for the accusative, and kasra for the genitive.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0\u00a0 &#8211; For <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">verbs<\/span>, the damma is for the imperfective, fatha for the perfective, and the sukoon is for verbs in the imperative or\u00a0jussive moods.<\/p>\n<h2>* <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><span style=\"color: #000000;text-decoration: underline\"><strong><a title=\"Hamza\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hamza\"><span style=\"color: #000000;text-decoration: underline\">Hamza<\/span><\/a>\u00a0\/<\/strong>\u00a0<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong>\u0626 \u0624 \u0625 \u0623<\/strong><\/span> and stand alone <strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;text-decoration: underline\">\u0621<\/span> <\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong>\/<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Hamza indicates a glottal stop accompanied by any of the above harakaat (fatha, kasra, damma or sukoon); e.g. <span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f<\/strong><\/span> = &#8216;Ahmad , <span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>= &#8216;Islam , <strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff\">\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff\">\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>= question and <strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff\">\u0647\u062f\u0648\u0621<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff\">\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>= quietness\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2>* <strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Maddah \/ <\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;text-decoration: underline\">\u0622<\/span> <\/span>\/<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Maddah <span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>\u0645\u062f\u0651\u0629<\/strong><\/span> is a tiled-like diacritic (like the shadow of a bird flying) which can appear only on top of an alif\u00a0 \/\u00a0<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u0622<\/span> \/ and indicates a glottal stop (Hamza) followed by another alif representing the long \/<strong>a:<\/strong>\/ or \/<strong>aa<\/strong>\/ ;e.g.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>\u0642\u0640\u064f\u0631\u0622\u0646\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>\/Qur&#8217;aan\/ = <strong><span style=\"color: #008000\">\u0642\u0631\u0621\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: #008000\">\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.<\/p>\n<h2>* <strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Dagger Alif \/\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;text-decoration: underline\">\u0640\u0670<\/span> <\/span>\/<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The superscript or dagger alif <span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641<\/strong><\/span> <span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0629\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/span>is written as a short vertical stroke on top of a consonant. It indicates a long alif \/<strong>a:<\/strong>\/ or \/<strong>aa<\/strong>\/ sound but the alif\u00a0 is normally not written. The dagger alif occurs only in a few words, but these words include some very common ones; e.g. <span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\/Allaah\/ and <span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>\u0647\u0640\u0670\u0640\u0630\u0627 <\/strong><\/span>\/haatha\/ = this and <span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>\u0644\u0640\u0670\u0640\u0643\u0640\u0650\u0646<\/strong><\/span> \/laakin\/ = but.<\/p>\n<h2>\u00a0* <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong>Tanween \/<\/strong>\u00a0<span style=\"color: #ff0000;text-decoration: underline\">\u0640\u064c<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0 <span style=\"color: #ff0000;text-decoration: underline\"><strong>\u0640\u064d<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0 <span style=\"color: #ff0000;text-decoration: underline\"><strong>\u0640\u064b<\/strong><\/span><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;text-decoration: underline\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/span><strong>\/\u00a0<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The three vowel diacritics may be doubled at the end of a word to indicate that the vowel is followed by the consonant \/<strong>n<\/strong>\/. These may or may not be considered harakaat and are known as Tanween (<strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff\">\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/strong> ) or Nunation. The signs from left to right indicate \/<strong>un<\/strong>\/ or \/<strong>on<\/strong>\/ and \/<strong>in<\/strong>\/ and \/<strong>an<\/strong>\/. These symbols are used as non-pausal grammatical indefinite case endings in literary or classical Arabic.<\/p>\n<h2>* <strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Shaddah \/\u00a0 <\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;text-decoration: underline\">\u0640\u0651<\/span> <\/span>\/<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Shaddah <span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>\u0634\u062f\u0651\u0629<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>or Tashdeed <span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>\u062a\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f<\/strong><\/span> is a diacritic shaped like a small written Latin &#8220;<strong>w<\/strong>&#8220;. It is used to indicate germination (consonant doubling or extra length), which is phonemic in Arabic. It is written above the consonant which is to be doubled. It is the only harakah that is sometimes used used in ordinary spelling to avoid ambiguity; e.g. <span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>\u0645\u062f\u0631\u064e\u0633\u0629<\/strong><\/span> \/madrasah\/ = school \u00a0vs. <span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0651\u0633\u0629<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\/modarrisah\/ = teacher (f.)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<strong>********* <\/strong><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Check us back soon<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Peace <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\/Salam\/ \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Harakaat \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a which literally means &#8220;motions&#8221; are the short vowel marks but Tashkeel refers to other vowel or consonant diacritics.. * Fathah \/\u00a0\u00a0\u0640\u064e\u00a0\/ \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Fatha \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 is a small diagonal line placed above a letter and represents a short \/a\/. The word Fatha itself means &#8220;opening&#8221; and refers to the opening of the&hellip;<\/p>\n<p class=\"post-item__readmore\"><a class=\"btn btn--md\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/2-arabic-diacritics-al-tashkeel-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%80%d8%aa%d9%80%d8%b4%d9%80%d9%83%d9%80%d9%8a%d9%80%d9%80%d9%80%d9%84\/\">Continue Reading<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":71,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":""},"categories":[3525,6,11,13],"tags":[49757,49761,49762,49759,49763],"class_list":["post-2018","post","type-post","status-publish","hentry","category-arabic-language","category-grammar","category-pronunciation","category-vocabulary","tag-arabic-diacritics","tag-arabic-harakaat","tag-arabic-tashkeel","tag-tashkeel-marks","tag-49763"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2018","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/71"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2018"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2018\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2022,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2018\/revisions\/2022"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2018"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2018"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2018"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}