{"id":28,"date":"2009-03-05T07:50:14","date_gmt":"2009-03-05T11:50:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/?p=25"},"modified":"2014-06-13T19:57:08","modified_gmt":"2014-06-13T19:57:08","slug":"relative-and-demonstrative-pronouns-in-arabic","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/relative-and-demonstrative-pronouns-in-arabic\/","title":{"rendered":"Relative and demonstrative pronouns in Arabic"},"content":{"rendered":"

Relative pronouns, like \u2018who\u2019, \u2018which\u2019, \u2018whose\u2019, \u2018what\u2019, etc. are used at the beginning of relative clauses to describe a definite noun. In Arabic, relative pronouns come after definite nouns to introduce sentences that describe these nouns or provide additional information about them. Relative clauses that follow relative pronouns can be nominal or verbal sentences, e.g. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n

\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a<\/span> \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0649<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u201cThis is the girl, whose name is Laila.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a<\/span> \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u201cThis is the man who works at the factory.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a<\/span> \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u201cI met the student who studies Arabic.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Relative pronouns in Arabic have to agree with the nouns they follow in number, gender and case, e.g. after a singular masculine noun, the pronoun (<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a<\/span>) must be used after a singular feminine noun, the pronoun (<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a<\/span>) must be used, and after a plural masculine noun, the pronoun (<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646<\/span>) must be used. As for case, this is related to dual nouns in particular. Relative pronouns must have the same case (marked by suffixes in dual) like the noun they modify. For instance, \u201ctwo students\u201d can either be (<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646<\/span>) or (<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646<\/span>) depending on their position in the sentence. The relative pronoun (<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0646<\/span>) must be used with (<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646<\/span>), and the other one (<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646<\/span>) must be used with (<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646<\/span>), so that they have the same case, e.g. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n

\u201cI met the two students who study Arabic.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646<\/span> \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe two students who study Arabic are American.\u201d <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0646<\/span> \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Demonstrative pronouns, like \u2018this, and \u2018those\u2019, are used in the same way like English demonstratives. However, Arabic has many more demonstratives than English due to the feminine and masculine differentiation and due to the dual case. It is very important to make sure that the demonstrative pronoun agrees with the noun it refers to in number, gender and case, e.g.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n

\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u062f.<\/p>\n

\u201cThis is a boy\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u201cThis is a girl\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u201cThese are two boys\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0642\u0631\u0623\u062a \u0647\u0630\u064a\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u201cI read these two books\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The following table shows the demonstrative and relative pronouns in Arabic.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Demonstratives<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Relative Pronouns<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Subject Pronouns<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0647\u0630\u0627 \/ \u0647\u0630\u0647<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \/ \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0623\u0646\u0627<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1st<\/sup> person sing<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0647\u0630\u0627<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0623\u0646\u062a\u064e<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

2nd<\/sup> person sing<\/span>. <\/span>Masc.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0647\u0630\u0647<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0623\u0646\u062a\u0650<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

2nd<\/sup> person sing<\/span>. <\/span>Fem.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0647\u0630\u0627<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0647\u0648<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

3<\/span>rd<\/span><\/sup>person sing<\/span>. <\/span>Masc.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0647\u0630\u0647<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0647\u064a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

3<\/span>rd<\/span><\/sup>person sing<\/span>. <\/span>\u00a0Fem.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0647\u0630\u0627\u0646 \/ \u0647\u0630\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0646 \/ \u0647\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0646 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0646 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0623\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

2nd<\/sup> person dual<\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0647\u0630\u0627\u0646 \/ \u0647\u0630\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0646 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0647\u0645\u0627 (m)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

3<\/span>rd<\/span><\/sup>person dual<\/span>. <\/span>Masc.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0646 \/ \u0647\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0646 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0647\u0645\u0627 (f) <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

3<\/span>rd<\/span><\/sup>person dual<\/span>. <\/span>\u00a0Fem.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0647\u0630\u0627\u0646 \/ \u0647\u0630\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0646 \/ \u0647\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0646 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0646 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a \/ \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0646\u062d\u0646<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1st<\/sup> person pl.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0623\u0646\u062a\u0645<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

2nd<\/sup> person pl<\/span>. <\/span>Masc.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a \/ \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0623\u0646\u062a\u0646<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

2nd<\/sup> person pl<\/span>. <\/span>Fem.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0647\u0645<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

3<\/span>rd<\/span><\/sup>person pl<\/span>. <\/span>Masc.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0647\u0624 \u0644\u0627\u0621<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a \/ \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0647\u0646<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

3<\/span>rd<\/span><\/sup>person pl<\/span>. <\/span>\u00a0Fem.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Relative pronouns, like \u2018who\u2019, \u2018which\u2019, \u2018whose\u2019, \u2018what\u2019, etc. are used at the beginning of relative clauses to describe a definite noun. In Arabic, relative pronouns come after definite nouns to introduce sentences that describe these nouns or provide additional information about them. Relative clauses that follow relative pronouns can be nominal or verbal sentences, e.g…<\/p>\n

Continue Reading<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-28","post","type-post","status-publish","hentry","category-grammar"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/31"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=28"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9041,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28\/revisions\/9041"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=28"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=28"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/arabic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=28"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}