{"id":793,"date":"2012-11-14T16:38:31","date_gmt":"2012-11-14T16:38:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/danish\/?p=793"},"modified":"2012-11-14T16:38:31","modified_gmt":"2012-11-14T16:38:31","slug":"from-play-to-playful","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/danish\/2012\/11\/14\/from-play-to-playful\/","title":{"rendered":"From Play to Playful"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Sometimes you need to change a word from one grammatical class to another. In English you do that all the time, for example when you make the verb \u201dto read\u201d into a noun by adding an -ing suffix:\u00a0<em>Reading makes me happy<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>When you want to swap the class of a Danish word, you have several suffixes or endings at your disposal. (Don\u2019t worry, each word is usually tied to a single suffix. I mean, you wouldn\u2019t say \u201dhappity\u201d or \u201dstupidness\u201d in English.) Let\u2019s look at the most common:<\/p>\n<h3>Changing an adjective to an abstract noun<\/h3>\n<p><strong>-hed<\/strong>:\u00a0<strong>\u00f8m<\/strong>\u00a0(tender) &gt;\u00a0<strong>\u00f8mhed<\/strong>\u00a0(tenderness),\u00a0<strong>dansk<\/strong>\u00a0(Danish) &gt;\u00a0<strong>danskhed<\/strong>(\u201dDanishness\u201d),\u00a0<strong>k\u00e6rlig<\/strong>\u00a0(loving) &gt;\u00a0<strong>k\u00e6rlighed<\/strong>\u00a0(love)<\/p>\n<p><strong>-skab<\/strong>:\u00a0<strong>klog<\/strong>\u00a0(wise) &gt;\u00a0<strong>klogskab<\/strong>\u00a0(wisdom),\u00a0<strong>fuld<\/strong>\u00a0(drunk) &gt;\u00a0<strong>fuldskab<\/strong>(drunkenness). This suffix can also be attached to words from other classes, like\u00a0<strong>ven<\/strong>\u00a0(friend) &gt;\u00a0<strong>venskab<\/strong>\u00a0(friendship).<\/p>\n<p><strong>-dom<\/strong>:\u00a0<strong>rig<\/strong>\u00a0(rich) &gt;\u00a0<strong>rigdom<\/strong>\u00a0(richness, wealth),\u00a0<strong>fattig<\/strong>\u00a0(poor) &gt;\u00a0<strong>fattigdom<\/strong>(poverty),\u00a0<strong>ung<\/strong>\u00a0(young) &gt;\u00a0<strong>ungdom<\/strong>\u00a0(youth, young people)<\/p>\n<h3>Changing a verb to an abstract noun<\/h3>\n<p><strong>-ning<\/strong>:\u00a0<strong>at ride<\/strong>\u00a0(to ride) &gt;\u00a0<strong>ridning<\/strong>\u00a0(riding),\u00a0<strong>at betyde<\/strong>\u00a0(to mean, to signify) &gt;<strong>betydning<\/strong>\u00a0(meaning)<\/p>\n<p><strong>-en<\/strong>:\u00a0<strong>at l\u00f8be<\/strong>\u00a0(to run) &gt;\u00a0<strong>l\u00f8ben<\/strong>\u00a0(running),\u00a0<strong>at synge<\/strong>\u00a0(to sing) &gt;\u00a0<strong>syngen<\/strong>(singing)<\/p>\n<p><strong>-else<\/strong>:\u00a0<strong>at f\u00f8le<\/strong>\u00a0(to feel) &gt;\u00a0<strong>f\u00f8lelse<\/strong>\u00a0(feeling, sentiment),\u00a0<strong>at nyde<\/strong>\u00a0(to enjoy) &gt;<strong>nydelse<\/strong>\u00a0(enjoyment, pleasure),\u00a0<strong>at sp\u00f8ge<\/strong>\u00a0(to haunt) &gt;\u00a0<strong>sp\u00f8gelse<\/strong>\u00a0(ghost)<\/p>\n<p><strong>-eri:<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>at fiske<\/strong>\u00a0(to fish) &gt;\u00a0<strong>fiskeri<\/strong>\u00a0(fishing),\u00a0<strong>at bage<\/strong>\u00a0(to bake) &gt;\u00a0<strong>bageri<\/strong>(bakery \u2013 okay, that\u2019s a very concrete place!)<\/p>\n<h3>Changing a verb to a noun describing a person<\/h3>\n<p><strong>-er<\/strong>:\u00a0<strong>at bage<\/strong>\u00a0(to bake) &gt;\u00a0<strong>bager<\/strong>\u00a0(baker),\u00a0<strong>at k\u00f8be<\/strong>\u00a0(to buy) &gt;\u00a0<strong>k\u00f8ber<\/strong>\u00a0(buyer)<\/p>\n<p><strong>-ende<\/strong>:\u00a0<strong>at studere<\/strong>\u00a0(to study) &gt;\u00a0<strong>studerende<\/strong>\u00a0(a student \u2013 this is actually an \u201ding-form\u201d,\u00a0<em>\u201dstudying\u201d<\/em>, serving as a noun)<\/p>\n<h3>Changing a verb to an adjective<\/h3>\n<p><strong>-lig<\/strong>:\u00a0<strong>at gl\u00e6de<\/strong>\u00a0(to delight) &gt;\u00a0<strong>gl\u00e6delig<\/strong>\u00a0(pleasant),\u00a0<strong>at kede sig<\/strong>\u00a0(to be bored) &gt;\u00a0<strong>kedelig<\/strong>\u00a0(boring)<\/p>\n<h3>Changing a noun to an adjective<\/h3>\n<p><strong>-et<\/strong>:\u00a0<strong>sten<\/strong>\u00a0(stone) &gt;\u00a0<strong>stenet<\/strong>\u00a0(stony, full of stones; \u201dstoned\u201d),\u00a0<strong>sex<\/strong>\u00a0(sex) &gt;\u00a0<strong>sexet<\/strong>(sexy)<\/p>\n<p><strong>-som:<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>tvivl<\/strong>\u00a0(doubt) &gt;\u00a0<strong>tvivlsom<\/strong>\u00a0(dubious),\u00a0<strong>en<\/strong>\u00a0(one \u2013 allright, that\u2019s not a noun!) &gt;\u00a0<strong>ensom<\/strong>\u00a0(lonely)<\/p>\n<h3>How do I know which ending to pick?<\/h3>\n<p>Unfortunately, there are no clear-cut rules here, you just have to learn which words go with which endings. That said, there are some rules of thumb concerning the ways we transform verbs to nouns:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The ending\u00a0<strong>-en<\/strong>\u00a0never changes the meaning of the verb, it just makes it a noun:\u00a0<strong>en stille hvisken<\/strong>\u00a0(a quiet whisper)<\/li>\n<li>When you want to talk about an activity,\u00a0<strong>-ning<\/strong>\u00a0is usually the suffix to pick:\u00a0<strong>jeg g\u00e5r til sv\u00f8mning<\/strong>\u00a0(I go to swimming)<\/li>\n<li>The ending\u00a0<strong>-else<\/strong>\u00a0usually denotes something that is\u00a0<em>related to<\/em>\u00a0the activity of the verb:\u00a0<strong>at h\u00f8re<\/strong>\u00a0(to hear) &gt;\u00a0<strong>h\u00f8relse<\/strong>\u00a0(hearing, the ability to hear),\u00a0<strong>at sm\u00f8re<\/strong>\u00a0(to smear) &gt;\u00a0<strong>sm\u00f8relse<\/strong>\u00a0(lubricant)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Note that the word\u00a0<strong>tegning<\/strong>\u00a0can me \u2019<em>the act of<\/em>\u00a0drawing\u2019 as well as \u2019a drawing\u2019.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Sometimes you need to change a word from one grammatical class to another. In English you do that all the time, for example when you make the verb \u201dto read\u201d into a noun by adding an -ing suffix:\u00a0Reading makes me happy. When you want to swap the class of a Danish word, you have several&hellip;<\/p>\n<p class=\"post-item__readmore\"><a class=\"btn btn--md\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/danish\/2012\/11\/14\/from-play-to-playful\/\">Continue Reading<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":76,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[1875,3007,150,165],"class_list":["post-793","post","type-post","status-publish","hentry","category-grammar","tag-adjective","tag-noun","tag-suffix","tag-verb"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/danish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/793","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/danish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/danish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/danish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/76"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/danish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=793"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/danish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/793\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":794,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/danish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/793\/revisions\/794"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/danish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=793"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/danish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=793"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/danish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=793"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}