{"id":6125,"date":"2017-05-21T22:18:30","date_gmt":"2017-05-21T22:18:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/hindi\/?p=6125"},"modified":"2017-06-03T21:54:29","modified_gmt":"2017-06-03T21:54:29","slug":"portuguese-in-hindi-part-one","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/hindi\/portuguese-in-hindi-part-one\/","title":{"rendered":"Portuguese in Hindi (Part 1): A Tale of Trade, Travel and Cultural Tension"},"content":{"rendered":"

For almost eight months now, I have been learning Portuguese on my own. As I\u2019ve mentioned in previous blogs, Hindi has been influenced by many other languages, and these were oftentimes those of merchants who came to the subcontinent to trade in its rich natural resources. Portuguese is one such language that has influenced Hindi through South Indian languages with which it came in direct contact as well as Arabic (Arab merchants were trading in the subcontinent around the time that the Portuguese first arrived there). Knowing the source language of a word in Hindi can help tremendously in determining that word\u2019s gender; because Hindi is somewhat of a mishmash of different languages, it is sometimes dangerous to make hard and fast rules as to the gender of a certain word if you don\u2019t know that word\u2019s source language because each source language has its own rules for determining gender. For example, most people would say that you determine the feminine gender in Hindi by the addition of an -\u0907 (short “i”) or an -\u0908 (long “i”) to the end of a word, but that rule doesn’t work for words like \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940\/paani (water, masc.<\/strong>), \u0906\u0926\u092e\u0940\/aadmi (man, masc.<\/strong>, from Arabic) and \u0939\u093e\u0925\u0940\/haathi (elephant, masc.<\/strong>). This rule also doesn’t work for some words that come from Sanskrit, like \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\/bhaasha (language, fem.<\/strong>) and \u0906\u0936\u093e\/aashaa (hope, fem.), which end in a -\u0906 (long “a”) usually associated with masculine nouns. However, though Hindi rules (and exceptions) of gender could be discussed at length, this blog (divided into three parts) is devoted to a different topic: the fascinating history of Portuguese’s influence on Hindi!<\/p>\n

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Image by Dijaraj Nair on Flickr; Kappad (or Kappakkadavu) in Calicut, Kerala, India; Vasco de Gama first landed here, the major entrance to the Malabar Coast, to trade in spices in 1498.<\/p><\/div>\n

Major\u00a0Portuguese (<\/strong>\u092a\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0917\u093e\u0932\u0940<\/strong>, purtgaali, adj.)<\/strong>\u00a0interaction with the subcontinent began on May 20th<\/sup>, 1498, when Vasco de Gama arrived by\u00a0ship (<\/strong>\u0928\u093e\u0935\/<\/strong>nav, fem. noun)<\/strong>\u00a0in Calicut (Kozhikode) in the modern-day South Indian state of Kerala. During that visit, the Portuguese initiated\u00a0trade (<\/strong>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\/<\/strong>vyaapaar karnaa or <\/strong>\u0932\u0947\u0928-\u0926\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\/<\/strong>len-den karnaa)<\/strong>\u00a0when they invited native fishermen onboard and bought some of their wares. On the advice of another, non-Portuguese merchant\u00a0(<\/strong>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930\u0940\/<\/strong>vyaapaari)<\/strong>, Gama sent a group of his men to the\u00a0city (<\/strong>\u0936\u0939\u0930\/<\/strong>sheher, masc. noun)<\/strong>\u00a0of Ponnani (also in Kerala) to introduce themselves to Calicut\u2019s Hindu ruler, the Zamorin (in Portuguese, this hereditary title is known as \u201cSamorim\u201d). Provoking the ire of the Arab merchants already there, who were one of the Portuguese\u2019s main sources of competition for trade (which partly explains the great number of Arabic words that exist in Portuguese and Hindi), Gama was successful in obtaining a letter from the Hindu ruler permitting he and his men to take part in trade; but, unfortunately, the Portuguese were not able to pay custom duties as well as the\u00a0gold (<\/strong>\u0938\u094b\u0928\u093e\/<\/strong>sonaa, masc. noun)<\/strong>\u00a0required to purchase the Zamorin’s goods. Angered at the Portuguese’s lack of funds, Calicut officials apprehended some of Gama’s men in an attempt to force payment; when Gama learned of this, he seized fishermen and other natives in retaliation. Despite these unsavory occurrences, the\u00a0voyage (<\/strong>\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\/<\/strong>yaatraa, fem. noun)<\/strong>\u00a0itself was a success as Gama returned to Portugal with goods worth sixty times the cost of the expedition.<\/p>\n

The next prominent Portuguese figure to make his mark on the subcontinent was Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral; en route to India, he sailed to Brazil as well, which was significant as it was the first time Europeans had set foot in Brazil to date (1500). Once in India, he aimed to trade in\u00a0pepper (<\/strong>\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0930\u094d\u091a\/<\/strong>kaali mirch, fem. noun)<\/strong>\u00a0and other\u00a0spices (<\/strong>\u092e\u0938\u093e\u0932\u093e\/<\/strong>masaalaa, masc. noun)<\/strong>\u00a0and was able to establish a\u00a0factory (<\/strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0916\u093c\u093e\u0928\u093e\/<\/strong>kaarkhaanaa, masc. noun)<\/strong>\u00a0in Calicut in 1500. Apparently taking a dislike to the Portuguese, the natives later attacked the factory and killed more than 50 Portuguese. In revenge\u00a0(<\/strong>\u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\/<\/strong>badlaa, masc. noun)<\/strong>, Cabral took ten Arab merchant ships by force that were anchored in the harbor\u00a0(<\/strong>\u092c\u0902\u0926\u0930\u0917\u093e\u0939\/<\/strong>bandargaah, masc. noun)<\/strong>, killed their crews, stole their goods and set the ships on fire. He also attacked Calicut with cannons and other weaponry for an entire day as payback for the destruction of the factory and the loss of Portuguese life. In the end, however, Cabral was successful in negotiating treaties with rulers in Cochin (Kochi, in the state of Kerala) and Cannanore (or Kannur, also in Kerala).<\/p>\n

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A colonial building in Cochin (Kochi), Kerala; image by Adam Jones on Flickr<\/p><\/div>\n

Later, in 1505, Francisco de Almeida became the Portuguese Viceroy of India with the stipulation that he establish four forts\u00a0(<\/strong>\u0915\u093c\u093f\u0932\u093e\/<\/strong>kilaa, masc. noun)<\/strong>\u00a0on the Southwestern Indian coast to protect Portuguese trading interests and wealth\u00a0(<\/strong>\u0927\u0928\/<\/strong>dhan, masc. noun)<\/strong>\u00a0in India; in Cannanore (Kannur), he established St. Angelo Fort with the cooperation of the local ruler, Fort Anjediva on Anjadip Island (also Anjadiv or, in Portuguese, Ilha de Angediva) and Fort Manuel in Cochin (Kochi), to name a few. In a relationship with the Portuguese that was generally adversarial, the Zamorin tried to attack them at sea in 1506, but Louren\u00e7o de Almeida, Francisco’s son, won the battle\u00a0(<\/strong>\u0932\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0908\/<\/strong>laraai, fem. noun)<\/strong>\u00a0of Cannanore (located at the harbor of Cannanore, obviously a strategic spot for trading), which effectively dampened the Zamorin\u2019s morale. In spite of his prowess in warfare, Louren\u00e7o was eventually killed in an intense battle at sea against the forces of the Mameluk Egyptians and Gujarat Sultanate at Chaul and Dabul (both of these locations are in present-day Maharashtra) during the Battle of Chaul. Nevertheless, these oppositional forces later came under the control of the Portuguese at the Battle of Diu (Diu is located on Diu Island near Gujarat).<\/p>\n

Stay tuned for the second part of this historical saga as well as a third part of this blog, which will discuss the fascinating journey of Portuguese words into Hindi!<\/p>\n

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Image by Mattancherry Koonan Kurish on Flickr; A Syrian Christian church in Cochin (Kochi), Kerala; Indian Syrian Christians took an oath in 1653 to protest the Portuguese’s attempt to impose Roman Catholicism on them. This church, popularly known as Koonan Kurishu Pally, is a symbol of that resistance.<\/p><\/div>\n

\u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940\/Shabdaavali ki Soochi (Vocabulary List):\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\n
    \n
  1. \u092a\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0917\u093e\u0932\u0940\/purtgaali<\/strong> (adjective and noun): Portuguese (people, language, culture, etc.). “Portugal” in Hindi is \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0917\u093e\u0932\/poortgaal. Example sentence: \u092e\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092a\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0917\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0942\u0901 \u091c\u094b \u0917\u094b\u0935\u093e (\u092f\u093e \u0917\u094b\u0906) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\/Main kuch purtgaali logo ko jaanti huun jo Govaa (ya Goa) me rehte hain (I know some Portuguese people who live in Goa).<\/li>\n
  2. \u0928\u093e\u0935\/naav<\/strong> (fem. noun): boat or ship. Example sentence: \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u091c\u093c\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u092a\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0917\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0932\u094b\u0917 \u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0902\u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0917\u090f\/Puraane zamaane me, purtgaali log naav se India pahunch gaye (In the olden days, Portuguese people arrived in India by boat).<\/li>\n
  3. \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\/vyaapaar karnaa<\/strong>\u00a0or \u0932\u0947\u0928-\u0926\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\/len-den karnaa <\/strong>(verb): to trade or do business. Example sentence: \u0939\u092e\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 (\u092f\u093e \u0932\u0947\u0928-\u0926\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947) \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\/Humaaraa parivaar vyaapaar karne se (ya len-den karne se) apne paise kamaate hain (Our family earns money by trading\/doing business).<\/li>\n
  4. \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930\u0940\/vyaapaari<\/strong> (masc. noun): businessman or trader. Example sentence: \u092e\u0947\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u093f\u0924\u093e \u091c\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930, \u0939\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0932, \u0935\u0947 \u090a\u0902\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0928-\u0926\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\/Mere pitaa ji vyaapaari hain aur, har saal, ve uunton ke len-den karne ke liye Pushkar jaate hain (My father is a trader\/businessman and, each year, he goes to Pushkar to trade in camels).<\/li>\n
  5. \u0936\u0939\u0930\/sheher<\/strong> (masc. noun): town or city. Example sentence: \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942 \u092f\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0930\u093e \u092e\u0928\u092a\u0938\u0902\u0926 \u0936\u0939\u0930 \u0939\u0948\/New York meraa manpasand sheher hai (New York is my favorite city).<\/li>\n
  6. \u0938\u094b\u0928\u093e\/sonaa<\/strong> (masc. noun): gold. Example sentence: \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947, \u0932\u094b\u0917 \u091a\u0940\u091c\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u0930\u0940\u0926\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0907\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0947\u092e\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947\/Bahut pehle, log cheeze kharidne ke liye sone kaa istemaal karte the (Long ago, people used to use gold to buy things).<\/li>\n
  7. \u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\/yaatraa (fem. noun)<\/strong>: journey, trip or voyage. Example sentence: \u0907\u0938 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940, \u0906\u092a \u0907\u0902\u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947, \u0928\u093e?\/Is garmee, aap India ki yaatraa karenge, na? (This summer, you will take a trip\/travel to India, right?)<\/li>\n
  8. \u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0930\u094d\u091a\/kaali mirch<\/strong> (fem. noun): black pepper (the word \u092e\u093f\u0930\u094d\u091a\/mirch, fem. noun, is also a stand alone word that simply means “pepper” and it it usually combined with the words “\u0932\u093e\u0932\/laal” (red) and “\u0939\u0930\u0940\/haree” (green) to refer to red and green peppers, which are more common than black pepper in Indian cuisine). Example sentence: \u0939\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u091c\u093c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0930\u094d\u091a \u092a\u0938\u0902\u0926 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\/Hame apne khaane me bahut zyaada kaali mirch pasand nahin hai (We don’t like too much black pepper in our food).<\/li>\n
  9. \u092e\u0938\u093e\u0932\u093e\/masaalaa (masc. noun)<\/strong>: spice. You have probably heard of \u0917\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0938\u093e\u0932\u093e\/garam masaalaa (literally meaning “warm spice,” which is a mixture of spices very common in North Indian and Bengali cuisine). Example sentence: \u0924\u0941\u092e \u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0915\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0935\u0915\u093c\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u092e\u0938\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u094b; \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0939\u0948!\/Tum khaanaa pakaate vakt karaahi me bahut masaale dalte ho; bahut svaad hai! (You put a lot of spices in the pot while cooking; it’s very tasty!)<\/li>\n
  10. \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0916\u093c\u093e\u0928\u093e\/karkhaanaa (masc. noun)<\/strong>: factory. Example sentence: \u092e\u0947\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e \u091c\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u092c\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0916\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\/Meri maataa ji aur bari behen karkhaane me kam karti hain (My mother and older sister work in a factory).<\/li>\n
  11. \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\/badlaa<\/strong> (masc. noun): revenge. If you want to say, “to take revenge,” this is expressed as \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u0932\u0947\u0928\u093e\/badlaa lenaa in Hindi. Example sentence: \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u0932\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u092e\u091c\u093c\u093e \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\/Kuch logo ko badlaa lene me bahut mazaa aataa hai (Some people really enjoy taking revenge).<\/li>\n
  12. \u092c\u0902\u0926\u0930\u0917\u093e\u0939\/bandargaah<\/strong> (masc. noun): harbor or port. Example sentence: \u0939\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u092e\u0947\u0936\u093e \u092c\u0902\u0926\u0930\u0917\u093e\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\/Hame apni naav hameshaa bandargaah me rakhni parti hai (We must always keep our boat in the harbor).<\/li>\n
  13. \u0915\u093c\u093f\u0932\u093e\/kilaa (masc. noun)<\/strong>: fort. Example sentence: \u092e\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u093c\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0917\u092f\u0940\/Main Jaipur me bahut saare kile dekhne gayi (I went to see a great deal of forts in Jaipur).<\/li>\n
  14. \u0927\u0928\/dhan (masc. noun)<\/strong>: wealth. Example sentence: \u092e\u0947\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0927\u0928 \u0939\u0948\/Mere parivaar ke paas bahut dhan hai (My family has a lot of wealth).<\/li>\n
  15. \u0932\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0908\/laraai (fem. noun)<\/strong>: battle or fight. Example sentence: \u092d\u093e\u0907\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0939\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0907\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0906\u092e \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u0948\/Bhaiyon aur beheno me laraaiyaan bahut aam baat hai (Amongst brothers and sisters, fights are a very common thing).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\"\"

    For almost eight months now, I have been learning Portuguese on my own. As I\u2019ve mentioned in previous blogs, Hindi has been influenced by many other languages, and these were oftentimes those of merchants who came to the subcontinent to trade in its rich natural resources. Portuguese is one such language that has influenced Hindi…<\/p>\n

    Continue Reading<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":140,"featured_media":6204,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":""},"categories":[3792,1],"tags":[475520,475573,238697,2410,475571],"class_list":["post-6125","post","type-post","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hindi-language","category-uncategorized","tag-hindi-words-and-phrases","tag-indian-colonialism","tag-learning-hindi","tag-portuguese","tag-portuguese-in-india"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/hindi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6125","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/hindi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/hindi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/hindi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/140"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/hindi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6125"}],"version-history":[{"count":37,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/hindi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6125\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6150,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/hindi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6125\/revisions\/6150"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/hindi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6204"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/hindi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6125"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/hindi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6125"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/hindi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6125"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}