{"id":6263,"date":"2017-06-26T04:28:02","date_gmt":"2017-06-26T04:28:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/hindi\/?p=6263"},"modified":"2017-07-03T04:50:31","modified_gmt":"2017-07-03T04:50:31","slug":"portuguese-in-hindi-part-3-a-tale-of-trade-travel-and-cultural-tension","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/hindi\/portuguese-in-hindi-part-3-a-tale-of-trade-travel-and-cultural-tension\/","title":{"rendered":"Portuguese in Hindi (Part 3): A Tale of Trade, Travel and Cultural Tension"},"content":{"rendered":"

Welcome back\/\u0906\u092a\u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0939\u0948 (Aapka svaagat hai)\/Bem vindo de volta! Parts 1<\/a> and 2<\/a> of this blog series were devoted to the history of Portuguese rule and presence in India; however, the end goal of this series was to discuss the Portuguese language’s influence on Hindi, which will be addressed in this entry. Although the majority of Portuguese interactions with the subcontinent occurred in South and Central India, where mostly Dravidian languages (Hindi as well as Marathi, with which Portuguese came into extensive contact, are Indo-European languages) are spoken, Portuguese nonetheless had an influence on Hindi as filtered through these Dravidian languages as well as Arabic (remember there were Arab traders competing with the Portuguese to capture the South Indian market).<\/p>\n

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Inside a church in Kochi, Kerala, India; image by Mattancherry Koonan Kurish on Flickr<\/p><\/div>\n

First of all, it may be helpful to enumerate some of the word categories of which Hindi is primarily composed:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Tatsam<\/strong> (\u0924\u0924\u094d\u0938\u092e<\/strong>, means \u201csame as that\u201d): These are words that are written exactly the same as their counterparts in Sanskrit, with the exception of final case inflections (which are not present in Hindi). This category is comprised of words that made their way into Hindi from Sanskrit via Prakrit as well as Sanskrit words later added to the Hindi lexicon in a movement to \u201cpurify\u201d (that is, Sanskritize) Hindi (this kind of Sanskrit-inflected Hindi is known as “\u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940\/Shuddh\/Pure Hindi”). Yet, if you know or are familiar with Sanskrit, you must remember that these words are pronounced according to Hindi norms, not according to Sanskrit rules. Examples: \u0928\u093e\u092e\/naam\/name, \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\/karm\/deed\/action, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928\u093e\/praarthnaa\/prayer, \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\/bhasha\/language, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0923\u093e\/prernaa\/inspiration.<\/li>\n
  2. Tadbhav<\/strong> (\u0924\u0926\u094d\u092d\u0935<\/strong>, means \u201cborn of that\u201d): These are \u201cnative\u201d Hindi words derived from Sanskrit after undergoing some changes. An example is the Sanskrit \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\/karm (deed), which then becomes the Pali \u0915\u092e\u094d\u092e\/kamma and eventually the Hindi \u0915\u093e\u092e\/kaam (work).<\/li>\n
  3. Videshi<\/strong> (\u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940<\/strong>, foreign words): These are loanwords from non-indigenous languages, such as Persian, English, Arabic and Portuguese. Some examples include \u0915\u092e\u0947\u091f\u0940\/kameti (committee, from English) and \u0938\u093e\u092c\u0941\u0928\/saabun (soap, from Arabic). We will be talking mostly about this type of word in this blog!<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
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    A road sign in Goa, India; image by Valanzola.T on Flickr<\/p><\/div>\n

    And now, here are some examples of Hindi words that originally came from Portuguese:<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. \u0915\u092e\u0930\u093e\/kamraa<\/strong> (masc. noun): room. From the old Portuguese \u201ccamara\u201d (or “quarto” in Brazilian Portuguese). Example sentence: \u0909\u0938 \u0915\u092e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u0905\u092d\u0940?\/Us kamre me kaun hai abhi?\/Who is in that room right now?<\/li>\n
    2. \u0905\u0932\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0940\/almaari<\/strong> (fem. noun): cupboard\/wardrobe\/armoire. From Portuguese “arm\u00e1rio.\u201d Example sentence: \u092e\u0948\u0902 \u0939\u092e\u0947\u0936\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093c\u0947\u0935\u0930 \u0905\u0932\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0942\u0901\/Main hameshaa apnaa zevar almaari me rakhti huun\/I always keep my jewelry in the cupboard\/wardrobe.<\/li>\n
    3. \u0917\u093f\u0930\u091c\u093e\/girjaa<\/strong> (masc. noun): church. From Portuguese \u201cigreja.\u201d Example sentence: \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0939\u093e\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0930 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u091c\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0924\u0940\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0917\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\/Us pahaari ke piche ek bahut sundar girjaa hai jo ateet me Purtgaaliyon ne banaya tha\/Behind that hill is a beautiful church that the Portuguese constructed in the past.<\/li>\n
    4. \u0905\u0928\u0928\u094d\u0928\u093e\u0938\/anannas<\/strong> (noun): pineapple. From the Portuguese \u201canan\u00e1s.” Example sentence: \u092e\u0941\u091d\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0928\u094d\u0928\u093e\u0938 \u091a\u093e\u091f \u092e\u0938\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u0932\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\/Mujhe anannaas chaat masaale ke saath bahut accha lagta hai\/I really like pineapple with chaat masala (a spice mixture used in chaat, which is a type of savory snack).<\/li>\n
    5. \u0906\u0932\u092a\u0940\u0928\/aalpeen<\/strong> (masc. noun): pin. From the Portuguese \u201calfinete,\u201d which may in turn be from Arabic and\/or English \u201cpin.\u201d Example sentence: \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0940\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0906\u0932\u092a\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0907\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0947\u092e\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\/Darzi kurtaa seene ke liye bahut saare aalpeeno kaa istemaal kartaa hai\/The tailor uses a lot of pins to sew the kurta.<\/li>\n
    6. \u092c\u093e\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0940 or \u092c\u093e\u0932\u091f\u0940\/baaltee<\/strong> (fem. noun): bucket. From the Portuguese \u201cbalde.\u201d Example sentence: \u0938\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0916\u094b! \u092c\u093e\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u091c\u093c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0948\/Saavdhaan rakho! Baalti me bahut zyaada paani hai\/Be careful! There’s too much water in the bucket.<\/li>\n
    7. \u092b\u0940\u0924\u093e\/feetaa<\/strong> (masc. noun): lace (as on a shoe), tape, ribbon. From the Portuguese \u201cfita.” Example sentence: \u091c\u092c \u092e\u0948\u0902 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0925\u0940, (\u0924\u094b) \u092e\u0941\u091d\u0947 \u092b\u0940\u0924\u0947 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u092a\u0938\u0902\u0926 \u0925\u0947\/Jab main choti thi, (to) mujhe feete bahut pasand the\/When I was little, I really liked ribbons.<\/li>\n
    8. \u091a\u093e\u092c\u0940\/chaabee<\/strong> (fem. noun): key. From the Portuguese \u201cchave.\u201d Example sentence: \u0918\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u094b \u090f\u0939\u0938\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u092c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092d\u0942\u0932 \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\/Ghar se nikalte hi, usko ehsaas huaa ki voh apni chaabiyaan bhuul gayaa thaa\/As soon as he left the house, he realized that he had forgotten his keys.<\/li>\n
    9. \u0926\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\/duvidhaa<\/strong> (fem. noun): dilemma, suspense, uncertainty. Possibly related to the Portuguese \u201cd\u00favida\u201d (noun) and \u201cduvidar” (verb), although the connection is unclear. Example sentence: (\u0924\u094b) \u092e\u0947\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e \u0906 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u091c\u092c \u0926\u094b \u0906\u0926\u092e\u0940 \u092e\u0941\u091d\u0947 \u0936\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947\/(To) mere saamne duvidhaa aa pari jab do aadmi mujhe shaadi karnaa chahte the\/A dilemma befell me when two men wanted to marry me.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      I hope you enjoyed this blog series about the many ways in which the Portuguese influenced the culture, history and languages of the subcontinent! One last interesting fact I’ll leave you with is that many of the Hindi words that are misidentified as being of Portuguese origin are actually from Arabic and, to a lesser extent, Persian, indicating the great influence both Arabic and Persian have had on Portuguese as well as Hindi!<\/p>\n

      \"\"<\/a>

      A beautiful blend of Christianity and Hinduism at a Portuguese church in Panaji, Goa, India; image by Adam Jones on Flickr<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\"\"

      Welcome back\/\u0906\u092a\u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0939\u0948 (Aapka svaagat hai)\/Bem vindo de volta! Parts 1 and 2 of this blog series were devoted to the history of Portuguese rule and presence in India; however, the end goal of this series was to discuss the Portuguese language’s influence on Hindi, which will be addressed in this entry. Although the…<\/p>\n

      Continue Reading<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":140,"featured_media":6274,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":""},"categories":[3792,1],"tags":[475579,475520,238697,475581],"class_list":["post-6263","post","type-post","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hindi-language","category-uncategorized","tag-colonial-india","tag-hindi-words-and-phrases","tag-learning-hindi","tag-portuguese-in-hindi"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/hindi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6263","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/hindi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/hindi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/hindi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/140"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/hindi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6263"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/hindi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6263\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6276,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/hindi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6263\/revisions\/6276"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/hindi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6274"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/hindi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6263"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/hindi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6263"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/hindi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6263"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}