{"id":8394,"date":"2018-12-12T06:00:09","date_gmt":"2018-12-12T06:00:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/hindi\/?p=8394"},"modified":"2018-12-12T02:28:10","modified_gmt":"2018-12-12T02:28:10","slug":"parallel-vocabulary-in-hindi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/hindi\/parallel-vocabulary-in-hindi\/","title":{"rendered":"Parallel Vocabulary in Hindi"},"content":{"rendered":"

As you may know, Hindi is composed of a vast array of other languages. This multifaceted quality gives Hindi its richness and complexity. In this blog, we’ll explore the diversity of Hindi vocabulary through concrete examples from Hindi’s major source languages: Arabic, Persian and Sanskrit. Although Arabic and Persian are not related languages (Arabic is part of the Afro-Asiatic language family while Persian or Farsi is part of the Indo-European language family, as is Hindi), they are bound somewhat by the dissemination of a major world religion – Islam – and thus many Arabic words have made their way into Hindi, oftentimes filtering through Persian before making their way into our language of study. Sanskrit, the classical language of Ancient India, has also had a huge impact on the language we conceive of today as Modern Standard Hindi, especially when there are attempts to “purify” Hindi by replacing more common Arabic, Persian- and sometimes English-descended words with oftentimes more complex Sanskrit equivalents. Below, we’ll see just how complex and varied Hindi vocabulary can be with some Persian, Arabic and Sanskrit equivalents of essentially the same words.<\/p>\n

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Sometimes, English words can be the hardest to decipher when you’re learning to read Hindi. Test yourself with this image. Image by Jorge Royan on Wikimedia Commons, licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\t\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t
Hindi Word <\/th>English Transliteration <\/th>Meaning & Gender <\/th>Origin <\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c <\/td>kitaab <\/td>book, fem.
\n
\nA variation of this: \u0915\u0941\u0924\u0941\u092c-\u0916\u093c\u093e\u0928\u093e\/kutub-khaanaa (library, masc.) <\/td>		Arabic <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 <\/td>pustak <\/td>book, fem.
\n
\nA variation of this: \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u093e\u0932\u092f\/pustakaalay (library, masc.) <\/td>		Sanskrit <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0905\u0916\u093c\u092c\u093e\u0930 <\/td>akhbaar <\/td>newspaper, masc. <\/td>Arabic <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0938\u092e\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 <\/td>samaachaar-patra <\/td>newspaper, masc. <\/td>Sanskrit <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0935\u0915\u093c\u094d\u0924<\/td>vakt <\/td>time, masc. <\/td>Arabic <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0938\u092e\u092f <\/td>samay <\/td>time, masc. <\/td>Sanskrit <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0916\u093c\u0941\u0936\u0940 <\/td>khushee <\/td>happiness, fem.
\n
\nA variation of this: \u0916\u093c\u0941\u0936\/khush (happy) <\/td>		Persian <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0938\u0941\u0916 <\/td>sukh <\/td>happiness, masc.
\n
\nA variation of this: \u0938\u0941\u0916\u0940\/sukhee (happy) <\/td>		Sanskrit <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0905\u092b\u093c\u0938\u094b\u0938 <\/td>afsos <\/td>sorrow, regret, masc. <\/td>Persian <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0926\u0941\u0916 <\/td>dukh <\/td>sorrow, grief, pain, masc.
\n
\nIn Sanskrit, spelled \u0926\u0941:\u0916
\n
\nA variation: \u0926\u0941\u0916\u0940\/dukhee (sad) <\/td>		Sanskrit <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e <\/td>pareekshaa <\/td>test, examination, fem. <\/td>Sanskrit <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0907\u092e\u094d\u0924\u0939\u093e\u0928 <\/td>imtahaan <\/td>test, examination, masc. <\/td>Arabic <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0926\u0941\u0906 <\/td>duaa <\/td>prayer, fem. <\/td>Arabic <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928\u093e <\/td>praarthnaa <\/td>prayer, fem. <\/td>Sanskrit <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0907\u091c\u093e\u091c\u093c\u0924 <\/td>izaazat <\/td>permission, leave, fem. <\/td>Arabic and Persian <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f <\/td>anumatee <\/td>permission, assent, fem. <\/td>Sanskrit <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0924\u0939\u091c\u093c\u0940\u092c <\/td>tehzeeb <\/td>culture, refinement, fem. <\/td>Arabic <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f <\/td>sanskritee <\/td>culture, fem. <\/td>Sanskrit <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0916\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0926\u093e\u0928 <\/td>khaandaan <\/td>family, masc. <\/td>Persian <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 <\/td>parivaar <\/td>family, masc. <\/td>Sanskrit <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n

Some Examples (\u0915\u0941\u091b \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\/udaaharan, \u092e\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0932\/misaal):<\/h2>\n
    \n
  1. \u092e\u0941\u091d\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\/\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u0926\u0947 \u0926\u094b; \u0924\u0941\u092e\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0925\u0940 \u0964<\/strong> (Mujhe kitaab\/pustak de do; tumse pehle parh rahi thi). Give me the book; I was reading it before you.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    *In this example, \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\/kitaab, is a much more informal and colloquial way of saying book than \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\/pustak, which is decidedly formal and would sound odd in everyday conversation.<\/p>\n

    2. \u0915\u0932 \u0938\u0941\u092c\u0939 \u0924\u0941\u092e\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\/\u0907\u092e\u094d\u0924\u0939\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0940\/\u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0917\u0940\/\u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e – \u0906\u091c \u0930\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u0932\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u0938\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0913 \u0964<\/strong> (Kal subah tumhe parikshaa\/imtahaan deni\/denaa hogaa – aaj raat ko jaldi so jaaoo). You have to take a test tomorrow morning – get to bed early tonight.<\/em><\/p>\n

    *Here, both words are fairly formal in nature and would most likely not be used in everyday conversation, but they are illustrative of the fact that you have to be careful when using synonyms of differing language origins – just because they are synonyms, doesn’t mean they’ll have the same gender. \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e is feminine while \u0907\u092e\u094d\u0924\u0939\u093e\u0928 is masculine. The most colloquial-sounding word in this case, partially influenced by English medium educations all over India, would be simply \u091f\u0947\u0938\u094d\u091f\/test.<\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/a>

    Oftentimes, in Hindi signboards, you will find that the language used is extremely Sanskritized and thus formal in nature. Image by Gurpreetlamba4275 on Wikimedia Commons, licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0.<\/p><\/div>\n

    3. \u0939\u0930 \u0936\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0948\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0916\u093c\u0941\u0936\/\u0938\u0941\u0916\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0942\u0901 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0924\u0932\u092c \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0940\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0921 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 !<\/strong> (Har shukravaar ko main bahut khushi\/sukhi ho jaati huun kyoonki iskaa matlab hai ki weekend honevaalaa hi hai). Every Friday, I get very happy\/contented because it means that the weekend is just around the corner.<\/em><\/p>\n

    *In this case, the most common, colloquial-sound word would be \u0916\u093c\u0941\u0936 although \u0938\u0941\u0916\u0940 have their uses in idioms and literary language. Notice the differing endings in these words – they are both nouns, but their endings differ depending on their source languages. Persian generally adds an -\u0908 to the end of a word to transform it into a noun from an adjective (example: \u0906\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0926 – free, adjective, \u0906\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0926\u0940 – freedom, noun) whereas Sanskrit oftentimes does the opposite – \u0938\u0941\u0916\u0940 is the adjective whereas \u0938\u0941\u0916 is the noun. Notice also the word for \u0935\u0940\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0921 – the most common word is just a transliteration of the English (a weekend, after all, being a very Western concept heavily influenced by modern-day capitalism). Technically, the Hindi word for weekend is \u0938\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0939\u093e\u0902\u0924 (literally – the end, \u0905\u0902\u0924, of the week, \u0938\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0939). I wouldn’t advice using this one in casual conversation.<\/p>\n

    4. \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0942 \u0939\u092e\u0947\u0936\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f\/\u0935\u0915\u093c\u094d\u0924 \u092c\u0930\u092c\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 – \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f \u0938\u092e\u092f\/\u0935\u0915\u093c\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0964<\/strong> (Chotu hameshaa samay\/vakt barbaadi kartaa hai – use koi samjhaanaa chaahiye ki samay\/vakt seemit sansaadhan hi hai). Chotu always wastes his time – someone should explain to him that time is, after all, a limited resource.<\/em><\/p>\n

    *In this example, \u0935\u0915\u093c\u094d\u0924 and \u0938\u092e\u092f are more or less on even ground in terms of frequency of usage, though \u0938\u092e\u092f may be more common in some parts of India. But, it’s always good to know terms from both lexicons, so you aren’t blindsided when you hear one or the other in conversation.<\/p>\n

    5. \u0906\u091c \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0916\u093c\u092c\u093e\u0930\/\u0938\u092e\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091b\u092a\u0928\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0925\u093e \u091c\u092c \u0905\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0939\u0938\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0916 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0917\u0902\u092d\u0940\u0930 \u0917\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u0930 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0925\u0940 \u0964<\/strong> (Aaj kaa akhbaar\/samaachaar patra chapnevaalaa hi thaa jab Anita ko ehsaas huaa ki apne lekh me usne bari gambheer galati kar daali thi). Today’s paper (newspaper) was just about to be published when Anita realized that she had made a huge mistake in her article.\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

    *Here, \u0905\u0916\u093c\u092c\u093e\u0930 is a much more common word for newspaper and it is more often heard in speech. However, \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 can be seen often in print, as Hindi-language newspapers tend to be highly Sanskritized and thus formal in their vocabulary.<\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/a>

    An example of a Hindi newspaper, Punjab Kesari. Image by Pk4wp on Wikimedia Commons, licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0.\u00a0<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\"\"

    As you may know, Hindi is composed of a vast array of other languages. This multifaceted quality gives Hindi its richness and complexity. In this blog, we’ll explore the diversity of Hindi vocabulary through concrete examples from Hindi’s major source languages: Arabic, Persian and Sanskrit. Although Arabic and Persian are not related languages (Arabic is…<\/p>\n

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