<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n STRONG VERBS<\/strong><\/p>\n Strong verbs become past tense, and are transformed into past participles with a stem change, called a c-v\u00edxl (see chart below). I\u2019m happy to go into more detail on stem changes, also called hlj\u00f3\u00f0breytingar<\/em>, in future entries.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n So ver\u00f0a <\/em>becomes var\u00f0<\/em> in past tense, first person. It then becomes ur\u00f0um<\/em> (first person plural past, AKA, \u2018vi\u00f0\u2019), and, finally, or\u00f0i\u00f0<\/em> in the past participle.<\/p>\n Lesa becomes las<\/em>, which becomes l\u00e1sum <\/em>(past, vi\u00f0). The past participle is lesi\u00f0.<\/p>\n The past participle of strong verbs conjugates just like an adjective that ends in \u2013inn (hence the above \u201c-i\u00f0\u201d endings), like fyndinn <\/em>(funny).<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Lesa: lesinn <\/em>(M) –> lesin <\/em>(F) –> lesi\u00f0 (N)<\/p>\n Plural: lesnir <\/em>(M) –> lesnar (F) –> lesin (N)<\/p>\n <\/p>\n B\u00f3kin er miki\u00f0 lesin.<\/em><\/p>\n B\u00e6kurnar eru miki\u00f0 lesnar. <\/em><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n WEAK VERBS<\/strong><\/p>\n The majority of weak verbs form the past participle in the same way that they make the past tense and the imperative.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n The magic formulate is stem<\/strong> + suffix <\/strong>+ ending<\/strong><\/p>\n The suffix is, in this case, simple either \u00f0, t, or d.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n This class of verbs (weak 1 and 2) are, in brief, verbs that take either \u2013ar in the second person present and \u2013a\u00f0i in the first person past (type 1 weak), or \u2013ir in the second person present, with a dental suffix (t, d, \u00f0) in the past tense (type 2 weak).<\/p>\n <\/p>\n The declension ending will be \u2013ur<\/strong> in the masculine singular nominative, and the participle will decline like a strong adjective, like gulur<\/em>.<\/strong> The weak become strong!<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Class 1<\/strong><\/p>\n Bor<\/strong>\u00f0a<\/strong> –> bor\u00f0a\u00f0ur (M) –> bor\u00f0u\u00f0 (F) –> bor\u00f0a\u00f0 (N)<\/p>\n Plural: bor\u00f0a\u00f0ir (M.pl) –> bor\u00f0a\u00f0ar (F.pl) –> bor\u00f0u\u00f0 (N.pl)<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Class 2<\/strong><\/p>\n Gleyma <\/strong>–> gleymdur (M) –> gleymd (F) –> gleymt (N)<\/p>\n Plural: gleymdir (M.pl) –> gleymdar (F. pl) –> gleymd (N.pl)<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n Class 1<\/strong><\/p>\n Baka <\/strong>–> baka\u00f0ur –> b\u00f6ku\u00f0 –> baka\u00f0 \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n Class 2<\/strong><\/p>\n Heyra –> <\/strong>heyr\u00f0ur –> heyr\u00f0 –> heyrt<\/p>\n Plural: heyr\u00f0ir –> hey\u00f0ar –> heyrt<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n Some type 3 verbs also take the appearance of a strong adjective as above. Take flytja (which has a vowel-change called a b-v\u00edxl), for example.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n As we generally see, the \u2013ja is dropped from the infinitive to make room for the \u2013ur ending. Be aware that, while many \u2013ja verbs decline with the \u2013ur ending and lose their \u2013ja, some do not (take, e.g., the very common \u201cbyrja,\u201d for example. It looks like spyrja, but it declines as a Type 1 verb).<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Class 3<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Flytja –> <\/strong>fluttur –> flutt –> flutt<\/p>\n Plural: fluttir –> fluttar –> flutt<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Spyrja –> <\/strong>spur\u00f0ur –> spur\u00f0 –> spurt<\/p>\n Plural: spur\u00f0ir –> spur\u00f0ar –> spur\u00f0<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Class three verbs like fl\u00fdja<\/strong>,<\/strong> which has a stem change (b-v\u00edxl) are made into a past participle in the same way that strong verbs are.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n So fl\u00fdja<\/em> looks like this, even though it is a class three:<\/p>\n Fl\u00fainn (M) \u00a0–> fl\u00fain (F) –> fl\u00fa\u00f0i (N) <\/p>\n Telja<\/em> and Velja<\/em> and Ala<\/em> (to grow up) [e–>a : stem change]:<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n These take blended forms \u2013 i.e., they are both weak and strong.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Talinn –> talinn –> tali\u00f0<\/p>\n Tald<\/strong>ir* <\/strong>–> <\/strong>tald<\/strong>ar* –> talin.<\/p>\n (Note that the declension ending is \u201cd,\u201d a dental sound, and not \u201cn,\u201d as you might expect for a strong verb)<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Velja follows the exact same paradigm, as does \u2018ala\u2019.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n BUT DON\u2019T PANIC! There are only a handful of these. There are so few, in fact, that I was only able to find these three + the adjective \u2018nakinn,\u2019 which declines in this exact same way.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Please \u2013 if you have questions, fire away!<\/p>\n I\u2019ll put up some practice exercizes this week for you. It may be best to practice before moving forward.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n [As an aside, to wrap up talking about strong\/weak: you all seem to be very diligent students, and I feel privileged to have such excellent readership. This all reminds me of a quote from Saint Benedict (I went to a Benedictine college for undergrad): [He] must so arrange everything that the strong have something to yearn for, and the weak have nothing to run from<\/em>.]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Welcome to part III of our passive voice lesson. Today, we\u2019ll take a look at constructing the past participle and using \u2013st verbs to convey passive voice. It\u2019ll all lead into a future lesson on l\u00fdsingarh\u00e1ttur \u00fe\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0ar, where we\u2019ll go into even more detail (horray!) on the various uses of past participles. Unfortunately, I underestimated…<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/icelandic\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2017\/07\/Vi\u0301xl.png\")
<\/p>\n
\nPlural: Baka\u00f0ir –> baka\u00f0ar –>b\u00f6ku\u00f0<\/p>\n
\nPlural: fl\u00fanir –> fl\u00fanar –> fl\u00fain<\/p>\n\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/icelandic\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2017\/07\/Vi\u0301xl-350x120.png\")