{"id":2857,"date":"2017-07-31T23:55:05","date_gmt":"2017-08-01T03:55:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/indonesian\/?p=2857"},"modified":"2017-08-01T17:27:47","modified_gmt":"2017-08-01T21:27:47","slug":"indonesian-temporal-markers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/indonesian\/indonesian-temporal-markers\/","title":{"rendered":"Indonesian Temporal Markers"},"content":{"rendered":"

Unlike those in English,\u00a0Indonesian form of verb<\/em>\u00a0does not change to indicate the tense or aspect. A sentence such as: \u201cDia pergi ke kantor\u201d <\/strong>carries no indication of whether the verb refers to the action has a regular occurrence or to a single occurrence, and if the latter, when it happens in relation to the present. This is inferred by listeners from the context within which the utterance is made.<\/u><\/p>\n

Time can be indicated by adjuncts of time, such as \u201csetiap hari\u201d\u00a0 <\/strong>\u201cevery day\u201d and \u201ctadi pagi<\/strong>\u201d \u201cthis morning (past)\u201d:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Dia pergi ke sekolah setiap hari.<\/strong><\/td>\nHe goes to school \u00a0everyday.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Tadi pagi<\/strong> dia pergi ke sekolah.<\/td>\nThis morning he went to school.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Time can also be indicated by a set of temporal markers within the predicate. These indicate that the action has occurred, is occurring, or is yet to occur in relation to the moment of utterance or in relation to some other event referred to.<\/p>\n

SUDAH<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sudah usually indicates that an action has occurred or that a state has been achieved:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Martini sudah<\/strong> pergi ke kantor.<\/td>\nMartini has left to the office.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Martini\u00a0sudah<\/strong> sembuh.<\/td>\nMartini has recovered.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

With verbs which indicate a state \u201csudah\u201d <\/strong>usually refers both to the action which begins the state and to the continuation of the state:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Dia sudah <\/strong>bangun.<\/td>\nHe has woken up.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dia sudah<\/strong> sarapan.<\/td>\nHe has had breakfast.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

With such verbs, however, \u201csudah\u201d <\/strong>can also indicate that the action is complete; context indicating which is meant:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mareka\u00a0sudah <\/strong>pergi.<\/td>\nThey have left.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

BELUM<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cBelum\u201d <\/strong>\u201cnot yet\u201d combines the meanings of \u201cbukan\/tidak\u201d (negative) plus temporal marker \u201csudah\u201d<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Dia belum<\/strong> jadi professor.<\/td>\nHe hasn’t a professor yet.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mereka belum<\/strong> berangkat.<\/td>\nThey haven\u2019t left yet.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n


\nSEDANG<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201csedang<\/strong>\u201d indicates that an action is in progress, sometimes glossed \u2018in the process of\u2019:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Mereka sedang<\/strong> makan.<\/td>\nThey are eating.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Bu Sumarni sedang<\/strong> belajar Bahasa Inggris.<\/td>\nBu Sumarni is studying English.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n


\nMASIH<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cmasih<\/strong>\u201d indicates that an action is still occurring:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Dia masih <\/strong>makan.<\/td>\nShe is still eating.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Anak perempuan saya masih <\/strong>tidur.<\/td>\nMy daughter is still sleeping.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n


\nAKAN<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cakan\u201d<\/strong> indicates a future event or state:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Kami akan <\/strong>makan nanti.<\/td>\nWe will eat later.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mereka akan <\/strong>pergi ke Itali.<\/td>\nThey will go to Italy.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

<\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a>Notice the yes\/no question construction with Modals and Temporal Markers!<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
1.\u00a0\u00a0 Apa boleh<\/strong> saya masuk?<\/td>\nMay <\/em><\/strong>I come in?<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.\u00a0\u00a0 Apa saya<\/strong> boleh masuk?<\/td>\nMay I <\/strong>come in?<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.\u00a0\u00a0 Apa bisa<\/strong> Anda bicara bahasa Indonesia?<\/td>\nCan<\/em><\/strong> you speak Indonesian?<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.\u00a0\u00a0 Apa Anda<\/strong> bisa bicara bahasa Indonesia?<\/td>\nCan you <\/strong>speak Indonesian?<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

The above examples are all questions that need<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0either a\u00a0yes<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0or a\u00a0no answer<\/strong><\/em>. The examples indicate emphasis<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0on a\u00a0different<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0word, which in English is indicated by stress. Therefore note carefully the difference in stress, indicated by bold type in English versions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Apakah <\/strong>saya boleh<\/strong>\u00a0 bertanya?<\/td>\nMay I ask a question?<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bolehkah <\/strong>saya bertanya?<\/td>\nMay I ask a question?<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Boleh<\/strong> saya bertanya?<\/td>\nMay I ask a question?<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

The use of the question marker \u2013<\/strong><\/em> kah<\/strong>, is used for formal question (number 5 and 6). It is also common in Indonesian asking question with question intonation without a question marker (number 7).<\/p>\n

Below are more examples that illustrate different ways to make a yes\/no question.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Apa saya\u00a0harus\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0pergi ke dokter?<\/td>\nMust I go to a doctor?<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Apakah<\/strong> saya harus pergi ke dokter?<\/td>\nMust I go to a doctor?<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Haruskah<\/strong> saya pergi ke dokter?<\/td>\nMust I go to a doctor?<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Saya harus pergi ke dokter?<\/td>\nMust I go to a doctor?<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Apa dia sudah<\/strong> makan malam?<\/td>\nDid he already eat dinner?<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Apakah <\/strong>dia sudah makan malam?<\/td>\nDid he already eat dinner?<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sudahkah<\/strong> dia makan malam?<\/td>\nDid he already eat dinner?<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dia sudah makan malam?<\/td>\nDid he already eat dinner?<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Apa Anda akan<\/strong> minum jus apel itu?<\/td>\nWill you drink that apple juice?<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Apakah <\/strong>Anda \u00a0akan<\/strong> minum just apel itu?<\/td>\nWill you drink that apple juice?<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Akankah<\/strong> Anda minum jus apel itu?<\/td>\nWill you drink that apple juice?<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n


\n<\/strong>LET\u2019S PRACTICE<\/strong><\/p>\n

Complete the sentence by translating the words in the brackets into Indonesian.<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Di mana Joko \u00a0(will<\/strong>) tinggal?<\/li>\n
  2. Yeni (must<\/strong>) bangun jam 4 pagi setiap hari.<\/li>\n
  3. Pak Budi (already<\/strong>) ada di dalam mobil.<\/li>\n
  4. Ibu Ratna (not yet<\/strong>) pernah naik naik bis ke kantor.<\/li>\n
  5. Hari ini mereka (able to<\/strong>) menyelesaikan tugas-tugas dengan cepat.<\/li>\n
  6. Setelah belajar, kedua anak itu (may<\/strong>) menonton TV.<\/li>\n
  7. Nenek saya (already<\/strong>) menelepon taksi untuk pergi ke bank.<\/li>\n
  8. Keponakan perempuan saya (not yet<\/strong>) pernah mengunjungi kawah Tangkuban Perahu..<\/li>\n
  9. Supir kami (in progress<\/strong>) mencuci mobil kami.<\/li>\n
  10. Tahun depan anak sulung saya (can<\/strong>) pergi ke Amerika untuk bersekolah.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

     <\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Unlike those in English,\u00a0Indonesian form of verb\u00a0does not change to indicate the tense or aspect. A sentence such as: \u201cDia pergi ke kantor\u201d carries no indication of whether the verb refers to the action has a regular occurrence or to a single occurrence, and if the latter, when it happens in relation to the present…<\/p>\n

    Continue Reading<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":118,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2857","post","type-post","status-publish","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/indonesian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2857","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/indonesian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/indonesian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/indonesian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/118"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/indonesian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2857"}],"version-history":[{"count":14,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/indonesian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2857\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2871,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/indonesian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2857\/revisions\/2871"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/indonesian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2857"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/indonesian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2857"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/indonesian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2857"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}