Suffix \u201c\u2013an\u201d derives nouns from verbs and to a lesser extent, from nouns, adjectives and other classes. It also co-occurs with full and partial reduplication. It has a number of different functions. Suffix \u201c\u2013an\u201d most commonly attaches to verb bases, several different meanings being distinguishable. With many verb bases, it produces a noun which stands as object of the action indicated by the verb. There is, therefore, always an associated transitive verb. The meaning is often expressed in Indonesian as apa yang di- (base) \u201cwhat is (base)-ed\u201d, where (base) is the meaning of the verb base. Thus, makanan \u201cfood\u201d is apa yang dimakan \u201cwhat is eaten\u201d, pakaian \u201cclothes\u201d is apa yang dipakai \u201cwhat is worn\u201d.
\nRead the following examples of the suffix \u201c\u2013an\u201d.<\/p>\n
Tulisan tentang perkembangan ekonomi negara-negara berkembang di koran Tempo pagi ini sangat meresahkan banyak pelaku ekonomi. *tulis: write; tulisan: an article. <\/p>\n
Sumbangan pemikiran dari ahli ekonomi dalam pembuatan rencana pembangunan nasional sangat bermanfaat. *sumbang: donate; sumbangan: contribution<\/p>\n
Pimpinan Bappenas (Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional) yang baru akan melakukan rapat koordinasi dengan seluruh jajaran kepemimpinan departemennya. *pimpin: lead; pimpinan: chairman.<\/p>\n
One subset of nouns in this group typically acts as modifiers to another noun, although some can occur alone with the same meaning. They tend to be translated by adjectives in English:<\/p>\n
(barang) curian
\n(binatang) buruan
\n(rumah) sewaan
\n(sapi) perahan\tstolen (goods)
\nhunted (animal)
\nrented (house)
\nmilking (cow)<\/p>\n
The second important group of \u201c\u2013an\u201d nouns with verbs bases are action nouns. These describe the action of the verb and can occur as head of phrase containing prepositions such as terhadap. Thus serangan \u201cattack\u201d, as in the noun phrase serangan terhadap musuh \u201can attack on the enemy\u201d, expresses the same action as the verb menyerang \u201cattack\u201d, as in the construction Mereka menyerang musuh = \u201cThey attacked the enemy\u201d. This is also a large productive set of nouns and includes:<\/p>\n
ancaman
\nbalasan
\nbantuan
\nkeluhan
\nlarangan
\ntantangan
\nkecaman
\ntuntutan
\ntekanan
\ntembakan\tthreat
\nresponse
\nhelp, assistance
\ncomplaint
\nprohibition
\nchallenge
\ncriticism
\ndemand
\npressure
\nshooting<\/p>\n
With some verb bases \u201c\u2013an\u201d derives nouns indicating the instrument with which the action is performed or the place where the action occurs. With some nouns the instrumental or locative meaning is clear while for others interpretation is possible. Thus timbangan \u201cscales\u201d can be interpreted as either the instrument with which one weighs (menimbang \u201cto weigh\u201d) or the place where weighing takes place:
\nsaluran\tchannel
\nkendaraan\tvehicle
\nangkutan\ttransport
\ngantungan\thanger (for clothes)
\nbendungan\tdam
\nparkiran\tparking place
\n \u201c\u2013an\u201d can also occur with noun bases. Sometimes it has the same meaning as the base, or a meaning which varies only slightly from that of the base, such as peran, peranan \u201crole\u201d, and while with other words there is a clear difference in meaning. It may indicate a magnification of the base, thus laut \u2018Sea\u201d, lautan \u201cocean\u201d. It may have the same meaning as the base but with an additional extension of that meaning, thus pinggir \u201cedge\u201d, pinggiran \u201cedge, outskirts\u201d. In some cases the difference in meaning is unpredicatable, such as akhir \u201cend\u201d, akhiran \u201csuffix\u201d.<\/p>\n
darat\t(dry) land\tdaratan\tmainland
\npasar\tmarket\tpasaran\t(international) market
\nkeluh\tsigh, groan\tkeluhan\tcomplaint
\nruang\tspace, room\truangan\tspace, room
\ngambar\tpicture\tgambaran\tdescription
\nlandas\tbase, substratum\tlandasan\tbase,substratum<\/p>\n
One group of \u201c\u2013an\u201d nouns based on nouns derive words which do not differ in meaning from the base, but have a different distribution. The base alone typically occurs as a partitive indicating natural or artificial clusterings, groupings and pieces of things, and is always preceded by a number, mostly se- \u201cone\u201d. The \u201c\u2013an\u201d form occurs as the head of a non phrase and can have a noun modifier. Typically both constructions have the same translation in English:
\n\tsederet rumah, deretan rumah\ta row of houses
\n\tDia membawa seikat jerami\t\tHe was carrying a bundle of hay.
\n\tDia membawa ikatan jerami.\t\tHe was carrying a bundle of hay.
\nWhile the base usually occurs in a partitive construction with a preceding number, and is thus always indefinite, the \u201c\u2013an\u201d form can be specific, occurring without a number, either alone or with a determiner:
\n\tderetan itu\tthat row
\n\tikatan ini\tthis bundle<\/p>\n
The following examples give only the \u201c\u2013an\u201d form, but the base also has the same translation:<\/p>\n
kawanan\therd, flock
\nkepingan\tchip, fragment
\nlembaran\tsheet, page
\npasangan\tpair
\nrangkaian\tseries
\ntimbunan\theap, pile<\/p>\n
Suffix \u201c\u2013an\u201d can occur with a reduplicated noun base. There are two major functions. The word can indicate a variety of what is indicated by the base. The formation is especially common with words for plants:<\/p>\n
obat-obatan\tmedicine
\npohon-pohonan \t(all kind of) trees\tor\tpepohonan
\npadi-padian \t(all kind of) grains
\nbunga-bungaan\t(all kind of) flowers
\ndaun-daunan\tfoliage\tor\tdedaunan
\nrumput-rumputan \tgrasses , weeds\tor\trerumputan
\nsayur-sayuran\tvegetables
\numbi-umbian\t(various) edible tubers
\nbuah-buahan\tfruits
\ntari-tarian \t(various kind of) dances\t\t<\/p>\n
The word can indicate a diminutive or something which resembles or imitates what the base specifies. With this function the construction is quite productive and people often create a new form to refer to toys:
\nmobil-mobilan\ttoy car
\nrumah-rumahan\tdoll house
\nbulan-bulanan\ttarget
\nkuda-kudaan\ttoy horse
\nkapal-kapalan\ttoy boat
\nperang-perangan\twarfare game
\nburung-burungan\ttoy bird
\norang-orangan\tpuppet, scarecrow<\/p>\n
A few forms, with either full or partial reduplication, have verbal bases:
\nreruntuhan\t\t\truins\t\truntuh\tto collapse
\ntumbuh-tumbuhan\/ tetumbuhan\tplants\t\ttumbuh\tto grow
\ngoreng-gorengan\tfried foods\tgoreng\t\tto fry
\nsesajian\ttemple offering\tsaji\tto offer<\/p>\n
With adjective bases, suffix \u201c\u2013an\u201d derives nouns which refer to something having the characteristics specified by the base;<\/p>\n
kotor\tdirty\tkotoran\texcrement,garbage,dirt
\nlanjut\tadvanced\tlanjutan\tcontinuation
\nmanis\tsweet\tmanisan\tsweets
\nsamar\tvague\tsamaran\tcamouflage, disguise<\/p>\n
Grammar Practice
\nChange the word in the bracket using the suffix \u201c\u2013an\u201d and translate each sentence into English.
\nExamples:
\n TULIS (to write) \uf0ae TULISAN (written material, article)
\n1.\tDia harus sering pulang malam, karena (work) dia selalu banyak.
\n2.\t(Report) yang Anda kerjakan ini, harus selesai permulaan bulan depan, ya.
\n3.\tKami mau mengucapkan terima kasih atas semua (help) bapak dan ibu selama kami (moving).
\n4.\tDia (graduate) Universitas Virginia dan akan mengambil S2 nya di Universitas Virginia semester ini.
\n5.\tKami sudah menerima (invite) resepsi pernikahan putri Ibu, tentu dengan senang hati, kami akan menghadirinya.
\n6.\tKalau saya tidak mencuci (wear) tiap minggu, tentu (wash) saya akan bertumpuk.
\n7.\tToko ini menjual banyak (play) anak-anak, dari yang murah sampai yang mahal.
\n8.\tSaya baru melihat (collide) mobil di depan kantor., tapi syukurlah tidak ada orang yang tewas.
\n9.\tTiap hari murid-murid kelas kelas bahasa Indonesia membaca (tulis) dalam surat kabar bahasa Inggris supaya mereka terbiasa menerjemahkannya ke dalam bahasa Indonesia.
\n10.\tApa (part) pemasaran ada di lantai yang sama dengan (part) penjualan?
\n11.\tSalah seorang guru bahasa Indonesia mengumpulkan (donate) untuk para korban Badai Maria.
\n12.\tKebanyakan pemain bola basket di Amerika, pemain (pay).
\n13.\tIde membantu rakyat miskin mendapat banyak (support) dari penduduk setempat.
\n14.\tBagaimana (relate) antara kedua negara itu menurut pendapat Anda?
\n15.\tBu Jenny mesti pergi ke Kedubes Indonesia siang ini, sebab ada (arrange) penting yang mesti diselesaikan.
\n16.\tDi tiap kelas ada (date) yang digantung di dinding, sebab ini penting sekali untuk jadwal kami.
\n17.\tPada waktu \u201cHari Ibu\u201d di Amerika, banyak para ibu yang mendapat (wrap) dari anak-anak mereka.
\n18.\tPara pedagang di pinggir jalan menunjukkan (sell) mereka kepada orang yang lewat.
\n19.\tTiap tahun selalu ada (exhibit) mobil atau bunga di gedung pusat Konperensi di kota Washington DC.
\n20.\tSebelum pensiun, dia mengatakan bahwa dia mesti melunasi semua (borrow) dari bank.
\n21.\tAnak-anak harus punya (save) uang, supaya hidup mereka enak dan nyaman.
\n22.\tMahasiswa yang berbelanja di toko kampus akan mendapat (cut) harga yang cukup besar.
\n23.\tUntuk (vacation) tahun depan, kami akan berkunjung ke Hawai dengan keluarga selama seminggu.
\n24.\tKarena dia sering bepergian ke luar negeri, jadi (collect) lukisannya sangat banyak dan bagus.
\n25.\tTiap minggu, para pelajar bahasa Indonesia mendapat (practice) (week)
\nAnswer
\n1. kerjaan\t6. pakaian, cucian\t11. sumbangan\t16. tanggalan\t21. simpanan
\n2. laporan\t7. mainan\t12. bayaran\t17.\t22. potongan
\n3. bantuan, pindahan\t8. tabrakan\t13. dukungan \t18.\t23. liburan
\n4. lulusan\t9. tulisan\t14. hubungan\t19.\t24. kumpulan
\n5. undangan\t10. bagian, bagian\t15. urusan\t20.\t25. Lathan, mingguan<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Suffix \u201c\u2013an\u201d derives nouns from verbs and to a lesser extent, from nouns, adjectives and other classes. It also co-occurs with full and partial reduplication. It has a number of different functions. Suffix \u201c\u2013an\u201d most commonly attaches to verb bases, several different meanings being distinguishable. With many verb bases, it produces a noun which stands…<\/p>\n