The Indonesian personal pronouns as a heritage of Malay, have been enriched by a great number of local languages to meet the dynamic of present Indonesian society.\u00a0But its basic principle as a simple language is still the same.\u00a0 For instance, both subjective and objective pronouns are the same. Following is the table:<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Person<\/strong>Orang ke-<\/strong><\/td>\n| \u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n | Singular<\/strong><\/td>\n | Plural<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | Formal<\/strong><\/td>\n | Neutral<\/strong><\/td>\n | Informal<\/strong><\/td>\n | Formal<\/strong><\/td>\n | Neutral<\/strong><\/td>\n | Informal<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | First | \nPertama<\/i><\/td>\n I, me, my<\/td>\n | saya<\/td>\n | —<\/td>\n | aku<\/td>\n | —<\/td>\n | —<\/td>\n | —<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | we (incl.)we (excl.)us<\/td>\n | —<\/td>\n | —<\/td>\n | —<\/td>\n | —<\/td>\n | kita(incl.)kami (excl)<\/td>\n | —<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | SecondKedua<\/td>\n | you, your<\/td>\n | Andasaudara\/ saudari<\/td>\n | —<\/td>\n | kamu, kau, engkauCultural related:mbak, mas, abang\/bang, adik\/dik<\/td>\n | —<\/td>\n | —<\/td>\n | —<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | you (plural)all of you (mam)all of you (sir)<\/td>\n | —<\/td>\n | —<\/td>\n | —<\/td>\n | Anda sekalianIbu-ibu sekalianBapak-bapak sekalian<\/td>\n | —<\/td>\n | kalian<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | Third | \nKetiga<\/td>\n He\/she, his\/her<\/td>\n | beliau<\/td>\n | —<\/td>\n | dia, ia<\/td>\n | —<\/td>\n | —<\/td>\n | —<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | They, their<\/td>\n | —<\/td>\n | —<\/td>\n | —<\/td>\n | mereka<\/td>\n | —<\/td>\n | —<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n | <\/p>\n First person (Orang Pertama)<\/strong><\/p>\n Singular (Tunggal) <\/strong><\/p>\n In Indonesia, there are many ways to express \u201cI\u201d or \u201cme\u201d.\u00a0 It usually depends on the situation where the conversation takes place, the\u00a0culture, and social relationships between speakers.\u00a0 \u201cSaya\u201d is used in a formal situation with a stranger or someone\u00a0to whom you show respect. \u201cAku\u201d is used in an informal situation, such as speaking\u00a0with friends, even when there are age differences. \u201cAku\u201d\u00a0is also used in literature.\u00a0 In Jakarta, for example, \u201cgue\u201d is used to express \u201cI\u201d or to say her\/his own name, like \u201cThia mau pulang ke rumah sekarang\u201d (I, whose name is Thia, is about to go home now).<\/p>\n Plural (Jamak)<\/strong><\/p>\n There are two notions for “we, us, our\u201d in Indonesian: kita and kami. Kita is used when the person addressed (\u201cyou\u201d) is included; kami is used when the person addressed is not included (\u201cwe, not you\u201d). For example, in the following sentence, “kita” is used because the person addressed is included in the conversation:<\/p>\n Mari kita pergi – Let\u2019s go. \u201cYou\u201d is included.<\/p>\n Second person (Orang Kedua)<\/strong><\/p>\n Singular (Tunggal) <\/strong><\/p>\n Like \u201cI,” there are many ways to say \u201cyou\u201d or \u201cyour\u201d in Indonesian. \u201cKamu\u201d is commonly used among friends, but it is considered rude when speaking in\u00a0a\u00a0business\u00a0setting\u00a0or\u00a0with elders\u00a0or persons of authority.<\/p>\n \u201cAnda\u201d (it is written with a capital A, not \u201canda\u201d) is used in a formal setting. On Java Island, you can also address someone in a\u00a0more respectful way than \u201ckamu,\u201d which is “Mbak” (big sister\u00a0or Ma\u2019am) or \u201cMas\u201d (big brother or Sir) to anyone the same age or older than you, and “dik” or “adik” when someone is younger than you.<\/p>\n \u201cEngkau\u201d is\u00a0shortened as \u201ckau\u201d and\u00a0is another form of \u201cI\u201d that is usually used outside Java Island, such as in\u00a0Sumatra and Kalimantan. But, if used in another region, it is considered out of place. \u201cSaudara\u201d means sibling is another form of \u201cyou\u201d to formally address someone; it can be addressed to both sexes, but sometimes there is \u201csaudari,\u201d which is used only to address females.\u00a0 Both \u201csaudara\u201d and \u201csaudari\u201d usually\u00a0are used within a small circle or those who are familiar with one another or among those with similar social statuses.<\/p>\n You can also use \u201cBapak,\u201d\u00a0which actually means “father,”\u00a0Mister,\u00a0or Sir,\u00a0or\u00a0\u201cIbu,\u201d\u00a0which\u00a0means “mother,” Ma\u2019am,\u00a0or Miss, to\u00a0express respect\u00a0when addressing adult males or females. If you know the person\u2019s name, use a suitable title followed by a person\u2019s first name, such as Ibu Aminah, Bapak Joko.<\/p>\n The\u00a0plural (Jamak)<\/strong><\/p>\n \u201cKalian\u201d is used in casual conversation with friends or\u00a0children. It is used with children and between equals who have a close relationship with each other. It\u00a0is sometimes used with\u00a0younger adults, although this always conveys a suggestion of social superiority on the part of the speaker. When it is addressed to\u00a0an adult, you can use \u201cBapak-bapak sekalian\u201d or \u201cIbu-ibu sekalian\u201d or \u201cAnda sekalian,\u201d which means all of you, whether adult males or adult females.<\/p>\n Third Person (Orang Ketiga)<\/strong><\/p>\n Singular (Tunggal) <\/strong><\/p>\n The use of \u201cIa\u201d or \u201cdia\u201d are gender neutral personal pronouns. Both can be used for male or female as \u201che\u201d or \u201cshe.\u201d\u00a0 However, in business settings or formal scenarios, it is considered impolite when you use \u201cdia\u201d; use \u201cbeliau\u201d instead. It is used to express\u00a0regard to someone with a higher status, a higher position, or\u00a0someone with authority. The personal pronoun “beliau” is essential to building good rapport with business or social\u00a0contacts.<\/p>\n The\u00a0plural (Jamak)<\/strong><\/p>\n \u201cMereka\u201d is a personal pronoun for \u201cthey,\u201d \u201cthem,\u201d or \u201ctheir\u201d when it is put after a noun, such as “mobil mereka,”\u00a0which\u00a0means\u00a0\u201ctheir car.\u201d<\/p>\n Note:<\/strong><\/p>\n Unlike\u00a0in\u00a0English, \u201cdia\u201d and \u201cmereka\u201d can also be used for a person. In Indonesian, if you want to use \u201cit\u201d or \u201cthem\u201d for a noun, you just repeat the noun. For example: “Banyak mobil di tempat parkir, mobil-mobil itu buatan Amerika.”\u00a0This\u00a0translates\u00a0to: \u201cThere are a lot of cars in the parking lot, most of them are America-made cars.\u201d<\/p>\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" The Indonesian personal pronouns as a heritage of Malay, have been enriched by a great number of local languages to meet the dynamic of present Indonesian society.\u00a0But its basic principle as a simple language is still the same.\u00a0 For instance, both subjective and objective pronouns are the same. Following is the table: PersonOrang ke-…<\/p>\n |