{"id":125,"date":"2010-01-23T21:49:34","date_gmt":"2010-01-24T01:49:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/irish\/?p=121"},"modified":"2010-01-23T21:49:34","modified_gmt":"2010-01-24T01:49:34","slug":"clasail-choibhneasta-relative-clauses-bratach-dhearg-gramadach-os-do-chomhair-amach","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/irish\/clasail-choibhneasta-relative-clauses-bratach-dhearg-gramadach-os-do-chomhair-amach\/","title":{"rendered":"Cl\u00e1sail Choibhneasta: Relative Clauses (Bratach Dhearg! Gramadach Os Do Chomhair Amach!)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Iarradh orm n\u00edos m\u00f3 a scr\u00edobh faoi chl\u00e1sail choibhneasta <\/span><\/strong>[KHLAWS-il KHIV-nas-tuh].\u00a0 <\/span>Seo beag\u00e1n eolais f\u00fathu\u2014ar nd\u00f3igh is f\u00e9idir i bhfad n\u00edos m\u00f3 a scr\u00edobh ar an \u00e1bhar.<\/strong>\u00a0 <\/span>I was asked to write more about relative clauses.\u00a0 <\/span>Here\u2019s the tip of the iceberg\u2014and this is just for starters.\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e1 dh\u00e1 chine\u00e1l acu ann, d\u00edreach agus neamhdh\u00edreach <\/span><\/strong>[NYOW-YEER-ukh], agus sin an rud is t\u00e1bhachta\u00ed f\u00fathu, s\u00edlim.<\/strong>\u00a0 <\/span>There are two types, direct and indirect, and I think that\u2019s the most important thing about them.\u00a0 <\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Rud eile t\u00e1bhachtach\u2014n\u00edl aon fhocal i nGaeilge at\u00e1 go d\u00edreach cos\u00fail le \u201cwho,\u201d \u201cwhom,\u201d n\u00e1 \u201cwhose\u201d mar a t\u00e1 siad i mB\u00e9arla.\u00a0 <\/span>Cad at\u00e1 ag an Ghaeilge ina n-ionad?\u00a0 <\/span>An focal \u201ca\u201d!<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0 <\/span>Another important thing\u2014there\u2019s no word in Irish that\u2019s exactly like English \u201cwho,\u201d \u201cwhom,\u201d or \u201cwhose.\u201d\u00a0 <\/span>What does Irish have instead?\u00a0 <\/span>The word \u201ca\u201d [pronounced \u201cuh\u201d]! <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Please keep in mind that all the examples below are the relative<\/em> \u201cwho,\u201d not the interrogative <\/em>\u201cwho,\u201d i.e. for describing the subject further, not for asking who he\/she is.\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Mar shampla den chl\u00e1sal coibhneasta d\u00edreach, agus is \u201cseanchapall oibre\u201d de shampla iad seo<\/span><\/strong>:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWho\u201d in a \u201cdirect\u201d relative clause, modifying the subject of the main (first clause):\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1. Sin \u00e9 an fear at\u00e1 tinn<\/span><\/strong> (That\u2019s the man who is ill).\u00a0 <\/span>Where\u2019s the \u201ca<\/strong>\u201d that all the fuss is about?\u00a0 <\/span>It\u2019s prefixed to the verb \u201ct\u00e1<\/strong>,\u201d giving us \u201cat\u00e1<\/strong>.\u201d\u00a0 <\/span>Since the \u201ca<\/strong>\u201d is unstressed, the second syllable is the stressed part of this word, which sounds like \u201cuh-TAW\u201d).\u00a0 <\/span>Generally speaking, it\u2019s only in present tense statements that the word \u201ca<\/strong>\u201d is actually attached to its verb. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Present tense?\u00a0 <\/span>Positive only?\u00a0 <\/span>Hopefully it\u2019s not \u201can iomarca gramada\u00ed<\/strong>\u201d (too much grammar) but it\u2019s hard to really be precise about this topic without some of the terminology.\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Here\u2019s an example that\u2019s san aimsir chaite<\/strong> (in the past tense).\u00a0 <\/span>Notice that the word \u201ca<\/strong>\u201d has now separated from its verb:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

2. Sin \u00e9 an fear a bh\u00ed tinn<\/span><\/strong> (That\u2019s the man who was ill).\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

And for good measure, and because the third time\u2019s a charm (hopefully making all this grammar appealing), here\u2019s an aimsir fh\u00e1istineach<\/strong> (the future tense):<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

3. Sin \u00e9 a fear a bheidh tinn<\/span><\/strong> (That\u2019s the man who will be sick).\u00a0 <\/span>Of course, I shudder to think of who would actually have use for such a statement.\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

In the future tense example, there\u2019s a new thing to notice that either didn\u2019t pertain or wasn\u2019t so noticeable in the first two examples (present and past tenses)\u2014torm\u00e1il druma\u00ed<\/strong>–lenition (s\u00e9imhi\u00fa<\/strong>).\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

The future tense verb \u201cbeidh<\/strong>\u201d [bay] changed to \u201cbheidh<\/strong>\u201d [vay] because of the word \u201ca<\/strong>\u201d (who).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

In theory, that should have happened in the present tense too, but it doesn\u2019t in the standard form of the modern language.\u00a0 <\/span>We simply still have the regular \u201ct\u201d of \u201ct\u00e1<\/strong>.\u201d \u00a0<\/span>(A Mhuimhnigh, t\u00e1 a fhios agam, t\u00e1 bhur bhfoirm f\u00e9in agaibh ach sin \u00e1bhar do bhlag eile, b\u2019fh\u00e9idir).\u00a0 <\/span>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

The example in the past tense is already lenited, so it doesn\u2019t really attract our attention.\u00a0 <\/span>\u201cBh\u00ed<\/strong>\u201d for the past tense is consistently lenited, no matter what comes in front of it.\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

So it\u2019s only when we get to the future tense that we really notice the lenition.\u00a0 <\/span>But if we had a series of regular verbs, we\u2019d see the lenition more obviously.\u00a0 <\/span>Mar shampla<\/strong>, using the verb \u201cgoid<\/strong>\u201d (steal):<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Sin \u00e9 an fear a ghoideann mart bre\u00e1 ramhar (gach l\u00e1 n\u00f3 go minic, srl.).<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Sin \u00e9 an fear a ghoid mart bre\u00e1 ramhar (ar\u00e9ir, inn\u00e9, srl.).<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Sin \u00e9 an fear a ghoidfidh mart bre\u00e1 ramhar (am\u00e1rach, srl.). \u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Again, someone\u2019s doing some prognosticating here, about who\u2019s going to steal a fine fat \u201cmart<\/strong>,\u201d which is a fattened cow or bullock ready for slaughter or just slaughtered.\u00a0 <\/span>Sorry, a veige\u00e1in agus a veigeat\u00f3ir\u00ed<\/strong>, but the concept of the \u201cmart<\/strong>\u201d is a) an important part of a culture that at one time depended heavily on cattle-raising (and raiding, ach sin sc\u00e9al eile<\/strong>) and b) the idea is loosely borrowed from a traditional folk rhyme, so it might resonate with some readers.\u00a0 <\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Anyway, an aimsir fh\u00e1istineach<\/strong> is all about what will happen.\u00a0 <\/span>\u201cF\u00e1istine<\/strong>\u201d means \u201ca prophecy.\u201d <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

And what happens to the myriad Irish verbs that happen to start with \u201cl,\u201d \u201cn,\u201d or \u201cr,\u201d or any other non-lenitables.\u00a0 <\/span>There\u2019s no spelling change at the beginning of the words, just like there\u2019s no \u201ch\u201d inserted at the beginning of phrases like \u201cmo leabhar<\/strong>,\u201d \u201cmo n\u00f3ta<\/strong>,\u201d or \u201cmo rothar<\/strong>.\u201d\u00a0 <\/span>Just a few samples: <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L\u00e9ann an bhean an leabhar.\u00a0 <\/span>Sin \u00ed an bhean a l\u00e9ann an leabhar.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

L\u00e9igh an bhean an leabhar.\u00a0 <\/span>Sin \u00ed an bhean a l\u00e9igh an leabhar.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

L\u00e9ifidh an bhean an leabhar.\u00a0 <\/span>Sin \u00ed an bhean a l\u00e9ifidh an leabhar.\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

So, that\u2019s \u201cblag a haon\u201d ar an \u00e1bhar seo<\/strong>, and we\u2019ve gotten as far as \u201ca<\/strong>\u201d for \u201cwho\u201d for positive statements.\u00a0 <\/span>Stay tuned for \u201ca<\/strong>\u201d as \u201cwhom\u201d and \u201ca<\/strong>\u201d as \u201cwhose.\u201d\u00a0 <\/span>And for negatives (the man who isn\u2019t, who won\u2019t, who didn\u2019t, etc.).\u00a0 <\/span>In fact, we\u2019ll probably be on this topic for a good few blaganna<\/strong>, now that the request is in and the bosca Phand\u00f3ra<\/strong> is oscailte<\/strong>!\u00a0 <\/span>Someday we\u2019ll also treat the phrase \u201can t\u00e9<\/strong>\u201d (the one who) but for now, it\u2019s best just to stick to \u201cwho\u201d as such.\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Iarradh orm n\u00edos m\u00f3 a scr\u00edobh faoi chl\u00e1sail choibhneasta [KHLAWS-il KHIV-nas-tuh].\u00a0 Seo beag\u00e1n eolais f\u00fathu\u2014ar nd\u00f3igh is f\u00e9idir i bhfad n\u00edos m\u00f3 a scr\u00edobh ar an \u00e1bhar.\u00a0 I was asked to write more about relative clauses.\u00a0 Here\u2019s the tip of the iceberg\u2014and this is just for starters.\u00a0 \u00a0 T\u00e1 dh\u00e1 chine\u00e1l acu ann, d\u00edreach agus…<\/p>\n

Continue Reading<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":36,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":""},"categories":[3898],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-125","post","type-post","status-publish","hentry","category-irish-language"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/irish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/125","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/irish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/irish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/irish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/36"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/irish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=125"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/irish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/125\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/irish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=125"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/irish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=125"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/irish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=125"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}