{"id":126,"date":"2010-01-26T10:41:36","date_gmt":"2010-01-26T14:41:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/irish\/?p=122"},"modified":"2010-01-26T10:41:36","modified_gmt":"2010-01-26T14:41:36","slug":"clasail-choibhneasta-neamhdhireacha-indirect-relative-clauses","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/irish\/clasail-choibhneasta-neamhdhireacha-indirect-relative-clauses\/","title":{"rendered":"Cl\u00e1sail Choibhneasta Neamhdh\u00edreacha: Indirect Relative Clauses"},"content":{"rendered":"

This is probably the arena where most of the confusion with cl\u00e1sail choibhneasta<\/strong> starts to set in.\u00a0 <\/span>Remember how the \u201ct\u00e1<\/strong>\u201d form of the verb \u201cto be\u201d changes drastically (to \u201cbhfuil<\/strong>\u201d) for the question form?\u00a0 <\/span>You\u2019ve probably seen this if you\u2019ve done day one of almost any Irish language course.\u00a0 <\/span>Here\u2019s an example, just for a refresher:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e1 an l\u00e1 go bre\u00e1.\u00a0 <\/span>An bhfuil an l\u00e1 go bre\u00e1?\u00a0 <\/span>T\u00e1, t\u00e1 an l\u00e1 go bre\u00e1.\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Not the world\u2019s most exciting set of sentences but another good workhorse example (The day is fine.\u00a0 <\/span>Is the day fine?\u00a0 <\/span>Yes, the day is fine).\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

For the indirect relative clause, we\u2019re going to use the \u201cbhfuil\u201d<\/strong> form, as long as our base verb is \u201ct\u00e1\u201d <\/strong>(one of the present tenses of the verb \u201cto be\u201d).\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>Eventually we\u2019ll expand all this to include such goodies as \u201craibh,\u201d \u201cbhfaighidh,\u201d and \u201cn-\u00edosfadh,\u201d <\/strong>but for now, let\u2019s just contrast \u201ct\u00e1\u201d <\/strong>with \u201cbhfuil\u201d<\/strong> in relative clauses.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

The indirect relatives clauses are used to express concepts such as \u201cwhose,\u201d \u201cto whom,\u201d \u201cby whom,\u201d \u201cfor whom,\u201d etc.\u00a0 <\/span><\/strong>In other words, indirect relative clauses are used when the subject of the second clause isn\u2019t the same as the subject of the first clause but is related indirectly to that first subject.\u00a0 <\/span>This blog will probably only have room to show examples of \u201cwhose\u201d and we\u2019ll save \u201cto whom,\u201d etc., for blag eile.\u00a0 <\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>Somehow this is all reminding me of Michaleen Oge\u2019s speech in The Quiet Man<\/em> about the party of the first part and the party of the second part, but, The Quiet Man<\/em>, sin \u00e1bhar do bhlag eile<\/strong>.\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Remember the last blog\u2019s examples:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Sin \u00e9 an fear at\u00e1 tinn.\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/strong>That is the man who is ill.\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

The man you\u2019re pointing out (by saying \u201csin \u00e9\u201d) <\/strong>is also the subject of the second clause (he\u2019s the one who is ill).\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Now contrast:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Sin \u00e9 an fear a bhfuil a mhac tinn.\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/strong>That is the man whose son is ill.\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Switch the verb to the \u201cbhfuil\u201d <\/strong>form, add a second subject (the son), and, hey, presto! — you\u2019ve got an indirect relative clause!<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

We\u2019ll save the past and future tenses for yet another blog but for now will simply show a few more examples of this in the present, to emphasize one more point about the indirects.\u00a0 <\/span>The verb introducing the second clause for these types of sentences gets eclipsed (gets the \u201cur\u00fa<\/strong>\u201d).\u00a0 <\/span>Since we always see \u201cbhfuil<\/strong>\u201d already eclipsed in modern Irish spelling, the fact that it\u2019s eclipsed here isn\u2019t particularly noticeable.\u00a0 <\/span>So let\u2019s look at a couple of regular verbs (briseann, t\u00f3gann<\/strong>) whose eclipsis will be obvious:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Briseann an mac an fhuinneog.\u00a0 <\/span>Sin \u00e9 an fear a mbriseann a mhac an fhuinneog. <\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

(The son breaks the window.\u00a0 <\/span>That is the man whose son breaks the window).\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Eclipsis: the initial \u201cb\u201d of \u201cbriseann<\/strong>\u201d changes to the \u201cmb\u201d of \u201cmbriseann<\/strong>\u201d [MRISH-un]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

And backtracking just a bit, if the man himself breaks the window, we\u2019d be back to the direct relative clause (with lenition\/s\u00e9imhi\u00fa<\/strong>): Sin \u00e9 a fear a bhriseann an fhuinneog<\/strong> (That\u2019s the man who breaks the window).\u00a0 <\/span>Of course, we hope it isn\u2019t a habit with him, but that\u2019s beyond our control!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

And one more set, and that\u2019s it for today:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00f3gann an mac an t-airgead.\u00a0 <\/span>Sin \u00e9 an sl\u00edbh\u00edn a dt\u00f3gann a mhac an t-airgead. <\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

The son takes the money.\u00a0 <\/span>That is the sly person whose son takes the money.\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Eclipsis: t\u00f3gann<\/strong> becomes \u201cdt\u00f3gann<\/strong>\u201d [DOH-gun]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Now if it was the sleeveen himself taking the money, the sentence would be: <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Sin \u00e9 an sl\u00edbh\u00edn a th\u00f3gann an t-airgead<\/span><\/strong>.\u00a0 <\/span>But the previous example focused on \u201cmac an tsl\u00edbh\u00edn<\/strong>,\u201d whose behavior we might have predicted from the proverbial wisdom, in its various forms: \u201cAn cleas a bh\u00edonn ag an deaid, b\u00edonn s\u00e9 ag an mac<\/strong>\u201d or \u201cToradh an chrainn f\u00e1na bhun<\/strong>,\u201d both more or less saying, \u201cThe apple doesn\u2019t fall far from the tree.\u201d\u00a0 <\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Is deas iad na seanfhocail mar nimh\u00edoc ar an ngramadach!\u00a0 <\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u00f3ta\u00ed: d\u00edreach <\/span><\/strong>[DJEER-ukh] direct; neamh<\/strong>– [nyow] un-, non-, in-, etc.; neamhdh\u00edreach<\/strong> [NYOW-YEER-ukh] indirect; Michaleen Oge in full-fledged Irish would be \u201cMicil\u00edn \u00d3g,\u201d but the movie anglicizes the spelling; nimh\u00edoc <\/strong>[niv-eek], antidote, lit. \u201cpoison-cure\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

This is probably the arena where most of the confusion with cl\u00e1sail choibhneasta starts to set in.\u00a0 Remember how the \u201ct\u00e1\u201d form of the verb \u201cto be\u201d changes drastically (to \u201cbhfuil\u201d) for the question form?\u00a0 You\u2019ve probably seen this if you\u2019ve done day one of almost any Irish language course.\u00a0 Here\u2019s an example, just for…<\/p>\n

Continue Reading<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":36,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":""},"categories":[3898],"tags":[4663,4720,6740,6741,6843,6847],"class_list":["post-126","post","type-post","status-publish","hentry","category-irish-language","tag-choibhneasta","tag-coibhneasta","tag-seanfhocail","tag-seanfhocal","tag-sleeveen","tag-slibhin"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/irish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/126","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/irish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/irish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/irish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/36"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/irish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=126"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/irish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/126\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/irish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=126"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/irish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=126"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/irish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=126"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}