{"id":157,"date":"2010-03-31T22:17:41","date_gmt":"2010-03-31T22:17:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/irish\/?p=157"},"modified":"2016-10-03T13:58:10","modified_gmt":"2016-10-03T13:58:10","slug":"back-to-the-relative-clauses-and-discussing-fools","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/irish\/back-to-the-relative-clauses-and-discussing-fools\/","title":{"rendered":"Back to the Relative Clauses AND Discussing Fools!"},"content":{"rendered":"

(le R\u00f3isl\u00edn)<\/strong><\/p>\n

As you may have guessed, this blag<\/strong> will introduce some of the Irish terms for \u201cfool\u201d and will resume our long-awaited (right?) series of irregular verbs in direct and indirect relative clauses.\u00a0 This is in honor of L\u00e1 na nAmad\u00e1n<\/strong>, the day of fools, April 1.\u00a0 Amad\u00e1n <\/strong>is the most basic Irish word for \u201ca fool.\u201d\u00a0 Look for a few more below.\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Let\u2019s first refresh the pattern we had set up for this, using a verb we had recently (d\u00e9an <\/strong>\u2013 make, do).\u00a0 An cuimhin libh na habairt\u00ed seo <\/strong>(all based on \u201cShe makes a muzzle for the calf\u201d)?<\/p>\n

Aimsir l\u00e1ithreach: <\/strong>D\u00e9anann s\u00ed soc don lao.\u00a0 An nd\u00e9anann s\u00ed soc don lao? \u00a0Sin \u00ed an bhean a dh\u00e9anann soc don lao.\u00a0 Sin \u00ed an bhean a nd\u00e9anann a hin\u00edon soc don lao.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Aimsir chaite: <\/strong>Rinne s\u00ed soc don lao.\u00a0 An ndearna s\u00ed soc don lao? \u00a0Sin \u00ed an bhean a rinne soc don lao.\u00a0 Sin \u00ed an bhean a ndearna a hin\u00edon soc don lao.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Aimsir fh\u00e1istineach: <\/strong>D\u00e9anfaidh s\u00ed soc don lao.\u00a0 An nd\u00e9anfaidh s\u00ed soc don lao? \u00a0Sin \u00ed an bhean a dh\u00e9anfaidh soc don lao.\u00a0 Sin \u00ed an bhean a nd\u00e9anfaidh a hin\u00edon soc don lao.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Remember how important\u00a0s\u00e9imhi\u00fa <\/strong>(lenition aka aspiration) and ur\u00fa<\/strong> (eclipsis) are in Irish?\u00a0 Lenition and eclipsis are what this system is all about.\u00a0 They\u2019re why we\u2019re spending at least aon bhlag d\u00e9ag<\/strong> (11 blogs) on it.\u00a0 Irish doesn\u2019t<\/em> use a relative pronoun<\/em> \u201cwho\u201d in the way English does, to say things like \u201cThis is woman who bakes every day.\u201d You might try to work out the Irish for that, by the way; the answer is th\u00edos<\/strong> (below).\u00a0 It simply uses the \u201crelative particle<\/em>\u201d (an p\u00e1irteagal coibhneasta) <\/strong>which is spelled \u201ca<\/strong>\u201d and pronounced \u201cuh.\u201d \u00a0Oh, yes, and followed by lenition (b->bh, etc.).<\/p>\n

Likewise, to say \u201cwhose\u201d in the relative sense (as in \u201cThis is the woman whose son bakes every day,\u201d Irish below), we also use \u201ca<\/strong>\u201d but it is followed by eclipsis (b->mb, etc.).\u00a0 Please do note that this is not<\/em> the interrogative \u201cwhose\u201d (as in \u201cWhose book is this?\u201d). \u00a0That could be covered in another blog series.\u00a0 Interested? \u00a0Please let me know by writing in the comments section.\u00a0 Or, if anyone can recall the \u201clumpy pillow\u201d anecdote famously used to illustrate this feature of Irish, I\u2019ll plunge right into it (maybe after a short change of tack to deal with Easter, Passover, and related terms).<\/p>\n

Now, having said all that, here are our examples, using the verb \u201csay\u201d (<\/strong>abair<\/strong>, which changes \u201croot\u201d to \u201c<\/strong>deir<\/strong>-,\u201d <\/strong>d\u00fa<\/strong>-,\u201d <\/strong>or \u201c<\/strong>d\u00e9ar<\/strong>-\u201c <\/strong>for our samples below, so this one\u2019s highly irregular).\u00a0 This is the seventh out of the 11 briathra neamhrialta <\/strong>o<\/strong>f Irish we\u2019ll cover in this series and, to be topical, for L\u00e1 na nAmad\u00e1n<\/strong>, we\u2019ll use fools as the subject:<\/p>\n

Aimsir l\u00e1ithreach:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Simple sentence and question: Deir an t-amad\u00e1n ruda\u00ed amaideacha<\/strong>.\u00a0 <\/strong>(The fool says foolish things).\u00a0 An ndeir t-amad\u00e1n ruda\u00ed amaideacha<\/strong>?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sentences with relative clauses:<\/p>\n

Direct relative: Seo \u00e9 an t-amad\u00e1n a deir ruda\u00ed amaideacha<\/strong>.\u00a0 <\/strong>This is the fool who says foolish things.<\/p>\n

Notice anything amiss there?\u00a0 Yep, there\u2019s always an exception to break the rule.\u00a0 The verb \u201c<\/strong>deir<\/strong>\u201d<\/strong> (says) doesn\u2019t<\/em> get lenited after our particle \u201c<\/strong>a<\/strong>\u201d <\/strong>(or after other particles, for that matter, cf. \u201c<\/strong>n\u00ed deir s\u00e9<\/strong>\u201d <\/strong>\u2013 he doesn\u2019t say, etc.\u00a0 The same will apply in the past and future.)<\/p>\n

But we do<\/em> eclipse for the indirect relative:<\/p>\n

Seo \u00e9 an t-amad\u00e1n a ndeir a bhean ruda\u00ed amaideacha.<\/strong>\u00a0 This is the fool whose wife says foolish things.<\/p>\n

Aimsir chaite<\/strong> (and now we\u2019ll switch to \u201c<\/strong>\u00f3inseach<\/strong>,\u201d <\/strong>for a female fool.\u00a0 Maybe she\u2019s bean an amad\u00e1in<\/strong>, the fool\u2019s wife):<\/p>\n

D\u00fairt an \u00f3inseach ruda\u00ed amaideacha.\u00a0 An nd\u00fairt an \u00f3inseach ruda\u00ed amaideacha?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sentences with relative clauses:<\/p>\n

Seo \u00ed an bhean a d\u00fairt ruda\u00ed amaideacha.\u00a0 Seo \u00ed an bhean a nd\u00fairt a cara ruda\u00ed amaideacha<\/strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Aimsir fh\u00e1istineach<\/strong> (and let\u2019s have the friend be a \u201c<\/strong>gamal<\/strong>,\u201d<\/strong> yet another word for fool, adding to “amad\u00e1n”<\/strong> and “\u00f3inseach”<\/strong>):<\/p>\n

D\u00e9arfaidh an gamal ruda\u00ed amaideacha.\u00a0 An nd\u00e9arfaidh an gamal ruda\u00ed amaideacha?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sentences with relative clauses:<\/p>\n

Seo \u00e9 an gamal a d\u00e9arfaidh ruda\u00ed amaideacha.\u00a0 Seo \u00e9 an gamal a nd\u00e9arfaidh a mhac ruda\u00ed amaideacha.\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Yes, Irish does distinguish between male and female fools.\u00a0 I\u2019ve sometimes heard \u201c<\/strong>amad\u00e1n<\/strong>\u201d <\/strong>used for women; gender-wise, it’s much like the word \u201cguys\u201d in English (originally masculine, but now used for men and women).\u00a0 \u201c<\/strong>\u00d3inseach<\/strong>\u201d <\/strong>is specifically female.\u00a0 At least I\u2019ve never heard it applied to a man!\u00a0 Which is probably just as well! \u00a0SGF-<\/strong>\u00a0R\u00f3isl\u00edn<\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u00f3ta<\/strong> (though you might have figured it out already): Direct relative: Seo \u00ed an bhean a bh\u00e1c\u00e1lann gach l\u00e1. <\/strong>\u00a0Indirect relative: Seo \u00ed an bhean a mb\u00e1c\u00e1lann a mhac gach l\u00e1.<\/strong>\u00a0 Both sentences are based on the verb \u201c<\/strong>b\u00e1c\u00e1lann<\/strong>\u201d <\/strong>(bakes).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

(le R\u00f3isl\u00edn) As you may have guessed, this blag will introduce some of the Irish terms for \u201cfool\u201d and will resume our long-awaited (right?) series of irregular verbs in direct and indirect relative clauses.\u00a0 This is in honor of L\u00e1 na nAmad\u00e1n, the day of fools, April 1.\u00a0 Amad\u00e1n is the most basic Irish word…<\/p>\n

Continue Reading<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":36,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":""},"categories":[3898],"tags":[207433,4061,4062,4145,8631,9103,5228,8663,5812,8662,207431,376493,2615,8272,332257],"class_list":["post-157","post","type-post","status-publish","hentry","category-irish-language","tag-aimsiri","tag-amadain","tag-amadan","tag-an-t-amadan","tag-clasail-choibhneasta","tag-fool","tag-fools","tag-gamal","tag-la-na-namadan","tag-oinseach","tag-relative-clauses","tag-relative-particle","tag-verb-tenses","tag-who","tag-whose"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/irish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/157","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/irish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/irish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/irish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/36"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/irish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=157"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/irish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/157\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8442,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/irish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/157\/revisions\/8442"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/irish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=157"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/irish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=157"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/irish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=157"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}