{"id":1737,"date":"2012-04-09T14:52:26","date_gmt":"2012-04-09T14:52:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/latin\/?p=1737"},"modified":"2014-08-21T17:51:52","modified_gmt":"2014-08-21T17:51:52","slug":"pronominal-morphology-personal-pronouns","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/latin\/pronominal-morphology-personal-pronouns\/","title":{"rendered":"Pronominal morphology & Personal pronouns"},"content":{"rendered":"
What are pronouns?<\/h2>\n
Traditionally pronouns<\/strong> are defined as words that are used in place of the name. However, this definition is unsatisfactory, in a phrases like:<\/p>\n
I will go to the movies tomorrow<\/em><\/p>\n
What name replaces “I<\/em>“? It is obvious that it does no replace any name. ‘I<\/em>‘ is a first-person morpheme that indicates the issuer of the statement.<\/p>\n
In addition, there are other kind of words that can replace the name, as the adjective used as a noun. If we want a tighter definition of pronoun<\/strong>, we can say that they are the words that have one or more of the following functions:<\/p>\n
Morpheme function<\/strong>: the pronouns can express grammatical ideas that are expressed by morphemes. Is the primary function of personal pronouns: ego<\/em>, tu<\/em>… express the grammatical idea of first and second person singular, respectively, which is exactly what make the personal endings -m<\/em>, -s<\/em>.<\/p>\n
Deictic function<\/strong>: pronouns can point to objects in space. Is the main function of demonstratives (hic, iste, ille<\/em>).<\/p>\n
Phoric function<\/strong>: pronouns can point grammatical units within the text. In Latin we have a phoric pronoun itself (is, ea, id<\/em>), but other pronouns also have this function (for example, the reflexive, which always refers to the subject of the sentence).<\/p>\n
Emphatic function<\/strong>: it is the value of certain pleonastic pronouns, its ability to emphasize meanings already known. Latin has a pronoun almost exclusively emphatic (ipse, ipsa, ipsum<\/em>) but also other pronouns may do this function.<\/p>\n
As mentioned, these functions may appear simultaneously in each type of pronoun, and is what allows us to speak with certainty of such words.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Personal pronouns<\/h2>\n
\n\n
\n
\n
Number<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
Case<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
1st person \n<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
2nd person \n<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
se, \nsecum<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
<\/p>\n
Its basic function is morphemic function<\/strong>: they mark the category of person. But they also have an emphatic function<\/strong>, because the person is already indicated by morphemes, this function is sometimes emphasized by the addition of particles to pronouns (temet, egomet …<\/em>), or by reduplication (tete, meme, sese<\/em>), or even the appearance of the emphatic pronoun next to the personal pronoun (mihi ipsi<\/em>).<\/p>\n
Only the pronouns of 1st and 2nd person are strictly personal. For creating third person personal pronouns Latin uses the phoric (is<\/em>) or demonstrative pronouns (hic, iste, ille<\/em> -we will explain them later-).<\/p>\n
Genitive plural<\/strong> forms of<\/em> nostrum <\/em><\/strong>and vestrum<\/em><\/strong> are used with partitive meaning<\/strong> (eg: nemo vestrum<\/em> = none of you), while nostri<\/strong><\/em> and vestri<\/em><\/strong> forms are used without this meaning.<\/p>\n
When the cum<\/em><\/strong> preposition accompanies these pronouns is postponed, along with the pronominal form itself.<\/p>\n
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