{"id":1765,"date":"2012-04-12T10:31:45","date_gmt":"2012-04-12T10:31:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/latin\/?p=1765"},"modified":"2014-08-21T17:51:39","modified_gmt":"2014-08-21T17:51:39","slug":"possessive-demonstrative-pronouns","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/latin\/possessive-demonstrative-pronouns\/","title":{"rendered":"Possessive & demonstrative pronouns"},"content":{"rendered":"

Possessive pronouns<\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\n\u00a0One holder<\/strong><\/td>\nSeveral holders<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

1st person<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\u00a0meus, -a, -um<\/em><\/td>\n\n

noster, nostra, nostrum<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

2nd person<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\u00a0tuus, -a, -um<\/em><\/td>\n\n

uester, uestra, uestrum<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

3rd person<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

(reflexive)<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\u00a0suus, -a, -um<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Its main function is the morphemic: they express the category of person and number. The reflexive possessive suus<\/em>, -a, -um<\/em> has also a phoric function, since the owner is always the subject of the sentence. If the holder is not the subject of the sentence, it is used as the possessive the genitive form of the phoric pronoun is, ea, id<\/em>, or the genitive of demonstratives. See the following example:<\/p>\n

Pater filios suos<\/strong> amat, sed eorum<\/strong> vitia reprehendit<\/em><\/p>\n

(The father loves his children, but punishes his vices)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

They also have an important emphatic role, if we consider that Latin economizes the use of possessives and do not use them when it is clear who is the holder. Its use in these cases is clearly pleonastic. Its emphatic role, as in the case of personal pronouns, can be marked by the addition of certain particles (-como, -met, pte<\/em>) to the pronoun:<\/p>\n

Meis oculis vidi<\/em> = I saw it with my own eyes<\/p>\n

Tute tibi tuopte<\/strong> ingenio prodes plurimum<\/em> = you yourself can benefit from yourself for your own talent<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

These kind of pronouns are formed like personal pronouns<\/a> and are declined as adjectives of the first class, with the only difference that the vocative of meus<\/em> is me<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\n

Demonstrative pronouns<\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
This<\/span><\/td>\n\n

Singular<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Plural<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Masculine<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Feminine<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Neuter<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Masculine<\/strong>
\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Femenine<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Neuter<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Nominative<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n\n

hic<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

haec<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

hoc<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

hi<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

hae<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

haec<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Accusative<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n\n

hunc<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

hanc<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

hoc<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

hos<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

has<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

haec<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Genitive<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n\n

huius<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

horum<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

harum<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

horum<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Dative<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n\n

huic<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

his<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Ablative<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n\n

hoc<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

hac<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

hoc<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

his<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
That<\/span><\/td>\n\n

Singular<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Plural<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Masculine<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Feminine<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Neuter<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Masculine<\/strong>
\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Feminine<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Neuter<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Nominative<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n\n

iste<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

ista<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

istud<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

isti<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

istae<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

ista<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Accusative<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n\n

istum<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

istam<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

istud<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

istos<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

istas<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

ista<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Genitive<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n\n

istius<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

istorum<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

istarum<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

istorum<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Dative<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n\n

isti<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

istis<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Ablative<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n\n

isto<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

ista<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

isto<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

istis<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
That<\/span> (more distance)<\/td>\n\n

Singular<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Plural<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Masculine<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Feminine<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Neuter<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Masculine
\n<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Feminine<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Neuter<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Nominative<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n\n

ille<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

illa<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

illud<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

illi<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

illae<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

illa<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Accusative<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n\n

illum<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

illam<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

illud<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

illos<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

illas<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

illa<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Genitive<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n\n

illius<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

illorum<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

illarum<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

illorum<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Dative<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n\n

illi<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

illis<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Ablative<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n\n

illo<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

illa<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

illo<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

illis<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

The main function of demonstratives is deictic: they are used to point objects in space. Hic<\/em><\/strong> is the demonstrative of objects close to the speaker (1st deixis), iste<\/em><\/strong> refers to the receivers environment (2nd deixis), ille<\/em><\/strong> (3rd deixis) points distant objects (physically or mentally). This tripartite system however is not valid for classical Latin, as purely demonstrative value, presents more of a shared system between two forms: hic<\/em><\/strong>, for objects close to the speaker and the receiver; ille<\/strong><\/em>, for distant objects.<\/p>\n

Demonstrative pronouns may also have an emphatic function and, sometimes, this will be their main function. Iste<\/em><\/strong>, which was out of the demonstration system is used with emphatic negative value, as a pejorative:<\/p>\n

Iste grex<\/em> = that (despicable) gang<\/p>\n

Within this contemptuous use we must consider the use iste<\/em><\/strong> in forensic language to designate the opposing party. On the other hand, ille<\/em><\/strong>, the demonstrative of distance, is used with positive emphatic value to refer to people or well known things:<\/p>\n

Medea illa<\/em><\/p>\n

Xenophon, Socraticus ille<\/em><\/p>\n

\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\"\"

Possessive pronouns   \u00a0One holder Several holders 1st person \u00a0meus, -a, -um noster, nostra, nostrum 2nd person \u00a0tuus, -a, -um uester, uestra, uestrum 3rd person (reflexive) \u00a0suus, -a, -um   Its main function is the morphemic: they express the category of person and number. The reflexive possessive suus, -a, -um has also a phoric function…<\/p>\n

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