{"id":3246,"date":"2014-07-16T15:43:45","date_gmt":"2014-07-16T15:43:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/latin\/?p=3246"},"modified":"2014-07-16T15:43:45","modified_gmt":"2014-07-16T15:43:45","slug":"unraveling-the-dark-side-of-latins-subjunctive","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/latin\/unraveling-the-dark-side-of-latins-subjunctive\/","title":{"rendered":"Unraveling the Dark Side of Latin&#8217;s Subjunctive"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Subjunctive. SUBJUNCTIVE.S-U-B-J-U-N-C-T-I-V-E&#8230;&#8230;<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_3251\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter post-item__attachment\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/latin\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2014\/07\/56e4b70fece33ee56411813afad0657b261755b85ee1f9c83cd830f6a39f2463.jpg\" aria-label=\"56e4b70fece33ee56411813afad0657b261755b85ee1f9c83cd830f6a39f2463 300x300\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3251\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3251\"  alt=\"Courtesy of Latin Memes &amp; Quick Meme Builder.\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" \/ src=\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/latin\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2014\/07\/56e4b70fece33ee56411813afad0657b261755b85ee1f9c83cd830f6a39f2463-300x300.jpg\"><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-3251\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Courtesy of Latin Memes &amp; Quick Meme Builder.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Subjunctive usually scares and intimidates many students when learning Latin. This is usually due to the fact that students are unfamiliar with the term subjunctive or grammar within their own language. FEAR NOT! I am hoping that this guide will help and aid all of you who are worried about learning and memorizing the uses of the subjunctive.<\/p>\n<p>While researching for this article, I realized that some people may learn better from a video and others from reading the material. Thus, I have provided both. These are a series of videos that explain the forms, uses, and grammar:<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"An Overview of the Subjunctive\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/4DAlpx2stGA?list=PL42936A02D64071E3\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>&#8211;<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong>Commands &amp;<\/strong><strong> Jussives<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>The subjunctive is often used to express commands, an order, or prohibition.\u00a0 This is seen at <em>ne +<\/em> subjunctive; while the jussive is the unique 3rd person form of the subjunctive.<\/p>\n<p>EX: <em>ne transferis<\/em>= Do Not Cross!<\/p>\n<p>EX: <em>eamus <\/em>=let us go OR <em>amemus= let us make love<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong>Deliberative<\/strong><\/span><strong> <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Subjunctive<\/span> <\/strong>&#8221; What am I to&#8230;&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>The deliberative subjunctive is a question as shown above.<\/p>\n<p>EX: <em>quid faciam = <\/em>What am I to do<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong>Wishes<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>When you want to wish someone good luck or wish something on someone (even).<\/p>\n<p>EX: <em>Sit Vis Vobiscum<\/em>= May the Force be with you<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong>Indirect Commands or Questions<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>What is meant by Indirect is simply the idea that someone is relaying what they have already been told. This is usually introduced by a asking or saying verb along with <em>ut<\/em> or <em>ne<\/em> followed by the subjunctive.<\/p>\n<p>EX: <em>mihi imperauit ut abirem<\/em>= She ordered me that I should go away or to go away.<\/p>\n<p>EX: <em>petebam quid dicturus esset<\/em>= I was asking what he was about to say or would say.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong>Result Clauses<\/strong><\/span> &#8220;so&#8230;..that&#8221;, &#8220;So&#8230;.as to&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>The &#8220;that&#8221; clause is expressed by <em>&#8220;ut<\/em> + subjunctive.&#8221; The subjunctive is normally present, imperfect, or perfect. The &#8220;so&#8221; portion could be accomplished with <em>adeo, ita, tam, sic, eo, tantus, tot, talis<\/em> (which all mean differing amounts of &#8216;so, so great, so much, thus, or of the such of sort&#8217;.)<\/p>\n<p>EX: <em>Tam fortis erat ut uini non posset\u00a0\u00a0<\/em>= He was so brave that he could not be defeated<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong>Causal Clauses<\/strong> <\/span>&#8220;because, since&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>The subjunctive with conjunctions such as <em>quod, quia, quoniam, quando, cum\u00a0<\/em>( which all mean since or because) are providing a clause that explains the reason or cause for an action.<\/p>\n<p>EX: <em>adsunt cum me amarent = <\/em> They are present since they used to love me.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong> Purpose Clauses<\/strong> <\/span>&#8220;in order to\/that, to&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Purpose clauses are generally conveyed with <em>ut<\/em> + subjunctive or <em>ne+<\/em> subjunctive. The subjunctive is present in primary sequence and imperfect in secondary. (<a href=\"http:\/\/classics.osu.edu\/sequence-tenses\" target=\"_blank\">Here<\/a> is a brief page on sequence and sentences).<\/p>\n<p>EX:<em> uenio ut uiderem<\/em>= I come in order\/so that I may see<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;<strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Temporal Clauses<\/span> <\/strong>&#8220;When&#8230;.&#8221; &#8220;Until&#8230;&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>The subjunctive is used in temporal (time) clauses for two reasons.<\/p>\n<p>1) With<em> dum, donec<\/em> (both meaning until) and <em>antequam, pruisquam<\/em> (both meaning before)- the subjunctive is used when the intending action of the clause is being expected or waited for.<\/p>\n<p>EX:<em> manebat dum Caesar ueniret<\/em>= he waited until Caesar should come<\/p>\n<p>2) <em>Cum <\/em>with the subjunctive (imperfect or pluperfect) when you are referring to the past.<\/p>\n<p>EX: <em>cum haec dixisset, exiit<\/em>= When he had said these things, he departed.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong>Fear Clauses\u00a0<\/strong><\/span>I fear that\/lest&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Usually fearing verbs take the infinitive ( I am afraid to jump), but with a subjunctive they are translated like ( I am afraid that she will jump\u00a0 on me). This is done with <em>ut<\/em>+ subjunctive or <em>ne<\/em> + subjunctive.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;<strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Relative Clauses<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>First I should explain that a relative clause is usually introduced by pronouns like <em>qui, quae, quod, (<\/em>who, what, which, that<em>), <\/em>and is &#8220;relative&#8221; or &#8220;relates&#8221; to something\/someone expressed in the previous part of the sentence.<\/p>\n<p>EX: &#8220;The girls <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">WHO like flowers<\/span>.&#8221;\u00a0&#8220;The cat <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">WHICH are sleeping<\/span>&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>However, the use of a the subjunctive in a relative clause is a bit different. When the relative clause hides a result, purpose, or causal clause- a subjunctive is used.<\/p>\n<p>EX: <em>milites\u00a0 misit qui hostis circumdarent = <\/em>He sent soldier who would surround the enemy.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong>Conditions<\/strong> <\/span>&#8220;If clauses&#8221; ( If X happens, then Y is the result.) [ X being the subject of one clauses and Y being the subject of the other]<\/p>\n<p>Conditions that have subjunctive in both clauses\u00a0 then it should be translated with &#8216;&#8221; would, should, were,&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>EX:<\/p>\n<p>Present Subjunctives-\u00a0 future time-\u00a0(If X were to happen Y would happen)<\/p>\n<p>Imperfect Subjunctives-\u00a0 present time-\u00a0(If X were now happening, Y would be happening)<\/p>\n<p>Pluperfect Subjunctives-\u00a0 past time- (If X had happened, Y would have happened)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Here is a great and inspirational\u00a0video for any learner, who is struggling with Grammar &amp; Subjunctives! *Warning this may contain some adult humor since it TED Talks are usually aimed at college students.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Grammar, Identity, and the Dark Side of the Subjunctive: Phuc Tran at TEDxDirigo\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/zeSVMG4GkeQ?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Some material and examples are in courtesy and alterations of thoses used in &#8220;Reading Latin&#8221; by Jones &amp; Sidwell<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<img width=\"350\" height=\"350\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/latin\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2014\/07\/56e4b70fece33ee56411813afad0657b261755b85ee1f9c83cd830f6a39f2463-350x350.jpg\" class=\"attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image tmp-hide-img\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/latin\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2014\/07\/56e4b70fece33ee56411813afad0657b261755b85ee1f9c83cd830f6a39f2463-350x350.jpg 350w, https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/latin\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2014\/07\/56e4b70fece33ee56411813afad0657b261755b85ee1f9c83cd830f6a39f2463-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/latin\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2014\/07\/56e4b70fece33ee56411813afad0657b261755b85ee1f9c83cd830f6a39f2463.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/><p>Subjunctive. SUBJUNCTIVE.S-U-B-J-U-N-C-T-I-V-E&#8230;&#8230; Subjunctive usually scares and intimidates many students when learning Latin. This is usually due to the fact that students are unfamiliar with the term subjunctive or grammar within their own language. FEAR NOT! I am hoping that this guide will help and aid all of you who are worried about learning and memorizing&hellip;<\/p>\n<p class=\"post-item__readmore\"><a class=\"btn btn--md\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/latin\/unraveling-the-dark-side-of-latins-subjunctive\/\">Continue Reading<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":101,"featured_media":3251,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":""},"categories":[3691],"tags":[99,60862,60861,3754,148,8118],"class_list":["post-3246","post","type-post","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-latin-language","tag-latin","tag-latin-grammar","tag-latin-language-2","tag-latin-vocabulary","tag-subjunctive","tag-syntax"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/latin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3246","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/latin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/latin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/latin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/101"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/latin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3246"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/latin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3246\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3252,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/latin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3246\/revisions\/3252"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/latin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3251"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/latin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3246"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/latin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3246"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/latin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3246"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}