{"id":1058,"date":"2019-01-09T18:19:03","date_gmt":"2019-01-09T18:19:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/pashto\/?p=1058"},"modified":"2019-01-09T18:19:03","modified_gmt":"2019-01-09T18:19:03","slug":"ergative-construction-in-pashto","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/pashto\/ergative-construction-in-pashto\/","title":{"rendered":"Ergative construction in Pashto"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>In general, in ergative languages, the verb agrees with the object of a sentence. We are familiar with the subject-verb agreement in the English language, but many Russo-Germanic languages have the ergative construction in them.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Pashto is a semi-ergative language because it has ergative construction in the past and other perfect tenses only when the verb is transitive, taking a direct object. In this case the verb agrees with the object in number and gender.<\/strong> The subject is in the oblique case. For example:<\/p>\n<p>I read this book<br \/>\nMa da ketab wolwust\/wolwustalo<br \/>\n\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u06cc\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0644\u0648\u0633\u062a\/\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0648<\/p>\n<p>In the above sentence, the verb \u201cwolwust\u201d agrees with the object \u201cketab\u201d. Ketab is masculine singular, if I change it to masculine plural, the verb will change with it, as seen in the sentence below:<\/p>\n<p>I read those books<br \/>\nMa da ketaboona wolwostal<br \/>\n\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u06cc\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0644<\/p>\n<p>You ate an apple<br \/>\nTa yawa manna wahkwarala<br \/>\n\u062a\u0627 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u06bc\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u0648\u0693\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n<p>In the above sentence, the object which is apple is feminine singular, the verb wahkwarala agrees in number in gender with the object. Let\u2019s change the object into feminine plural and see how the verb changes accordingly:<\/p>\n<p>You ate apples<br \/>\nTa manni wahkwarali<br \/>\n\u062a\u0627 \u0645\u06bc\u06d0 \u0648\u062e\u0648\u0693\u0644\u06d0<\/p>\n<p><strong>In Pashto, every noun has a number and gender and the suffix of verb changes with number and gender. You&#8217;ll want to recognize and memorize the endings:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0648 is used at the end of the verb when the object is <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">masculine singular<\/span><\/li>\n<li>\u0644 is used at the end of the verb when the object is <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">masculine plural<\/span><\/li>\n<li>\u0647 is used at the end of the verb when the object is <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">feminine singular<\/span><\/li>\n<li>\u06d0 is used at the end of the verb when the object is\u00a0<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">feminine plural<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Note: In the past perfective, the \u0644 before \u0648 can be dropped (synthesised) when the object of the sentence is masculine singular or feminine singular.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<img width=\"350\" height=\"197\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/pashto\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2019\/01\/Ergative-subject-350x197.png\" class=\"attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/pashto\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2019\/01\/Ergative-subject-350x197.png 350w, https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/pashto\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2019\/01\/Ergative-subject-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/pashto\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2019\/01\/Ergative-subject-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/pashto\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2019\/01\/Ergative-subject.png 1366w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/><p>In general, in ergative languages, the verb agrees with the object of a sentence. We are familiar with the subject-verb agreement in the English language, but many Russo-Germanic languages have the ergative construction in them. Pashto is a semi-ergative language because it has ergative construction in the past and other perfect tenses only when the&hellip;<\/p>\n<p class=\"post-item__readmore\"><a class=\"btn btn--md\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/pashto\/ergative-construction-in-pashto\/\">Continue Reading<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":160,"featured_media":1067,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1058","post","type-post","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-language"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/pashto\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1058","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/pashto\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/pashto\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/pashto\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/160"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/pashto\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1058"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/pashto\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1058\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1068,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/pashto\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1058\/revisions\/1068"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/pashto\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1067"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/pashto\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1058"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/pashto\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1058"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/pashto\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1058"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}