{"id":1525,"date":"2011-02-22T21:13:09","date_gmt":"2011-02-22T21:13:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/?p=1525"},"modified":"2011-02-23T18:19:19","modified_gmt":"2011-02-23T18:19:19","slug":"nouns-%e2%80%93-cases-and-case-use-part-i","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/nouns-%e2%80%93-cases-and-case-use-part-i\/","title":{"rendered":"Nouns \u2013 Cases and Case Use Part I"},"content":{"rendered":"

Last time we talked about Polish Nouns<\/a>. Today I wanted to go over cases and case use in polish grammar.<\/p>\n

Polish nouns have different forms for expressing GRAMMATICAL CASE, related to the function of the noun in a sentence. For each gender there are forms for the Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Instrumental, Locative, and Vocative cases<\/strong> – seven cases in all, in both singular and plural. In general, the Nominative case is used to express the SUBJECT of a sentence, the Dative to express the INDIRECT OBJECT (to or for whom something is done), the Accusative the DIRECT OBJECT (the item perceived by or acted on by the subject). The Instrumental expresses the MEANS BY WHICH something is done (for example, ride by train<\/em>, write with a pen<\/em>). The Genitive expresses POSSESSION and, in general, most meanings of of, <\/em>for example husband of my sister<\/em>, top of the mountain<\/em>, end of the film<\/em>, and so on. The Locative is used with certain prepositions, especially prepositions expressing the simple location senses of of, in, at,<\/em> on. <\/em>The Vocative is used in direct address; it may usually be replaced by the Nominative.<\/p>\n

Here is a summary of the main Polish case uses. The pronominal questions with the corresponding forms of co <\/strong>(what<\/em>) and kto <\/strong>(who<\/em>) are given next to the case’s name.<\/p>\n

Nominative Case <\/strong>(co? kto?<\/em><\/strong>)<\/span><\/p>\n

The Nominative case is used to express the:<\/p>\n

1. Subject of finite verb<\/span><\/p>\n

Jan <\/em><\/strong>kocha Mari\u0119. <\/strong>Jan-Nom. loves Maria.<\/p>\n

Maria <\/em><\/strong>kocha Jana <\/strong>Maria-Nom. loves Jan.<\/strong><\/p>\n

2. Subject of existential be<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Jan <\/em><\/strong>jest w domu <\/strong>Jan-Nom. is at home.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Czy jest szynka<\/em>? <\/strong>Is there any ham-Nom?<\/p>\n

3. Complement of the identifying phrase to jest<\/strong>\/s\u0105 <\/strong>(that is\/those are<\/em>)<\/span><\/p>\n

To jest nowe muzeum<\/em>. <\/strong>That is a new museum-Nom.<\/p>\n

To s\u0105 moje okulary <\/em><\/strong>Those are my eyeglasses.<\/p>\n

4. Complement of a naming phrase:<\/span><\/p>\n

Jestem Adam Wolak<\/em><\/strong>. I am Adam Wolak-Nom.<\/p>\n

Genitive Case (czego? kogo?<\/em>)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

The Genitive case is used to express:<\/p>\n

1. Almost all meanings of of, <\/em>including possessi<\/span>on<\/p>\n

To jest dom mojego przyjaciela <\/em><\/strong>That’s the house of my friend-Gen.<\/p>\n

To jest koniec pierwszej lekcji <\/em><\/strong>That’s the end of the first lesson-Gen.<\/strong><\/p>\n

2. After many prepositions, including do <\/strong>(to<\/em>), bez <\/strong>(without<\/em>), dla <\/strong>(for<\/em>), <\/em>z <\/strong>(from, out of<\/em>), <\/em>od <\/strong>(from<\/em>), u <\/strong>(at a person’s place<\/em>), <\/em>and others.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tu jest co\u015b dla ciebie <\/em><\/strong>Here is something for you-Gen.<\/p>\n

Id\u0119 do kina <\/em>bez was <\/em><\/strong>I’m going to the movies without you-Gen<\/p>\n

On jest starszy od siostry <\/em><\/strong>He is\u00a0older than (his) sister-Gen.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Wracam z Warszawy <\/em><\/strong>I’m returning from Warsaw-Gen.<\/p>\n

3. After negated transitive (Accusative-requiring) verbs. Compare:<\/span><\/p>\n

Mam nowy telewizor <\/strong>I have a new television set-Acc.<\/p>\n

Nie mam nowego telewizora <\/em><\/strong>I don’t have a new television set-Gen<\/p>\n

Ju\u017c sko\u0144czy\u0142em drug\u0105 lekcj\u0119 <\/strong>I have already finished the second lesson-Acc<\/p>\n

Jeszcze nie zacz\u0105\u0142em drugiej lekcji <\/em><\/strong>I haven’t begun the second lesson-Gen. yet.<\/p>\n

4. Complement of negative existential nie ma <\/strong>(there isn’t<\/em>), nie by\u0142o <\/strong>(there wasn’t<\/em>), nie b\u0119dzie <\/strong>(there won’t be<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Nie ma mas\u0142a <\/em><\/strong>There is no butter-Gen.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Marii <\/em><\/strong>jeszcze nie ma <\/strong>Maria-Gen isn’t here yet.<\/strong><\/p>\n

5. After many verbs, for example the verb szuka\u0107<\/strong>:<\/span><\/p>\n

Szukam ciekawego prezentu <\/em><\/strong>I’m looking for an interesting present-Gen.<\/p>\n

Here is a list of common verbs that take the Genitive case: ba\u0107 si\u0119 <\/strong>(be afraid of<\/em>), <\/em>napi\u0107 si\u0119 <\/strong>(have a drink of<\/em>), <\/em>nienawidzi\u0107 <\/strong>(hate<\/em>), <\/em>pilnowa\u0107 <\/strong>(look after, tend, mind<\/em>),<\/em> potrzebowa\u0107 <\/strong>(need<\/em>), <\/em>s\u0142ucha\u0107 <\/strong>(listen to<\/em>), <\/em>spodziewa\u0107 si\u0119 <\/strong>(expect<\/em>), <\/em>szuka\u0107 <\/strong>(look for<\/em>), <\/em>uczy\u0107 si\u0119 <\/strong>(study<\/em>), <\/em>uczy\u0107 <\/strong>(teach<\/em>), <\/em>u\u017cywa\u0107 <\/strong>(use), <\/em>wymaga\u0107 <\/strong>(require, demand<\/em>), <\/em>zapomnie\u0107 <\/strong>(forget<\/em>), <\/em>\u017cyczy\u0107 <\/strong>(wish, desire<\/em>).<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

6. After numbers 5 and above (Gen. pl.). Compare<\/span>:<\/strong><\/p>\n

jedno \u015bwie\u017ce jajko <\/strong>one fresh egg<\/p>\n

pi\u0119\u0107 \u015bwie\u017cych jajek <\/em><\/strong>five fresh eggs-Gen.pl.<\/p>\n

jedna szeroka ulica <\/strong>one wide street<\/p>\n

sze\u015b\u0107 szerokich ulic <\/em><\/strong>six wide streets-Gen.pl.<\/p>\n

jeden nowy hotel <\/strong>one new hotel<\/p>\n

siedem nowych hoteli <\/em><\/strong>seven new hotels-Gen.pl.<\/strong><\/p>\n

7. After weights and measures and all kinds of quantifiers like <\/span>du\u017co, ma\u0142o, troch\u0119<\/span>:<\/strong><\/p>\n

troch\u0119 sera <\/em><\/strong>a little cheese-Gen.<\/strong><\/p>\n

kieliszek wina <\/em><\/strong>a glass of wine-Gen.<\/strong><\/p>\n

szklanka wody <\/em><\/strong>a glass of water-Gen.<\/strong><\/p>\n

du\u017co dom\u00f3w <\/em><\/strong>a lot of houses-Gen.pl.<\/p>\n

ma\u0142o mieszka\u0144 <\/em><\/strong>not many apartments-Gen.pl.<\/p>\n

8. To express the sense some, a bit of<\/em>:<\/span><\/p>\n

Nala\u0107 ci herbaty<\/em>? <\/strong>Should I pour you some tea-Gen?<\/p>\n

9. Genitive of time:<\/span><\/p>\n

tej nocy <\/strong>on that night<\/p>\n

pi\u0105tego stycznia <\/strong>on the 5th of January<\/p>\n

I think this is enough for today. Tomorrow I will continue with Dative and Accusative.<\/p>\n

Do nast\u0119pnego razu<\/strong>! (Till next time\u2026)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Last time we talked about Polish Nouns. Today I wanted to go over cases and case use in polish grammar. Polish nouns have different forms for expressing GRAMMATICAL CASE, related to the function of the noun in a sentence. For each gender there are forms for the Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Instrumental, Locative, and Vocative…<\/p>\n

Continue Reading<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":56,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1525","post","type-post","status-publish","hentry","category-grammar"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1525","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/56"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1525"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1525\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1530,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1525\/revisions\/1530"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1525"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1525"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1525"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}