Yesterday we talked about Nominative and Genitive. Today let\u2019s move to Dative, Accusative and Instrumental case.<\/p>\n
Dative Case <\/strong>(czemu? komu?<\/strong>)<\/span><\/p>\n The Dative case is used to express:<\/p>\n 1. Senses of to <\/em>and for <\/em>a person, especially the indirect object (naming the recipient or beneficiary, or sometimes the person negatively affected by an action).<\/span><\/p>\n Kup mi <\/em>co\u015b. <\/strong>Buy me-Dat. something.<\/p>\n Zala\u0142em tw\u00f3j laptop wod\u0105. <\/strong>I’ve spilled water on your laptop-Dat.<\/p>\n 2. After verbs of communication:<\/span><\/p>\n Powiedz mi <\/em>co\u015b. <\/strong>Tell me-Dat. something.<\/strong><\/p>\n 3. In construction with certain verbs like podoba\u0107 si\u0119 <\/strong>(be\u00a0attractive to<\/em>), pomaga\u0107 <\/strong>(help<\/em>), powodzi\u0107 si\u0119 <\/strong>(be successful for<\/em>), smakowa\u0107 <\/strong>(taste<\/em>), <\/em>dziwi\u0107 si\u0119 <\/strong>(be surprised at<\/em>), <\/em>and others:<\/span><\/p>\n Tw\u00f3j kolega podoba mi <\/em>si\u0119. <\/strong>Your colleague is attractive to me-Dat.<\/p>\n Dobrze\u00a0jej <\/em>si\u0119 powodzi. <\/strong>She-Dat. is doing very well.<\/p>\n Musz\u0119\u00a0jej <\/em>pomaga\u0107. <\/strong>I have to help her-Dat.<\/strong><\/p>\n Dziwi\u0119 si\u0119 jemu<\/em>. <\/strong>I’m surprised at him-Dat.<\/p>\n Zdaje\u00a0nam <\/em>si\u0119 <\/strong>It seems that way to us.<\/p>\n 4. As the subject of impersonal adverbs:<\/span><\/p>\n Jest\u00a0mu <\/em>zimno. <\/strong>He-Dat.\u00a0is cold. (It’s cold to him-Dat.)<\/p>\n Nam<\/em><\/strong> <\/em><\/strong>jest \u0142atwo. <\/strong>It’s easy for us-Dat.<\/p>\n 5. After the prepositions dzi\u0119ki <\/strong>(due to<\/em>), <\/em>ku <\/strong>(toward<\/em>), <\/em>przeciwko <\/strong>(against<\/em>):<\/span><\/p>\n Wszystko, co wiem, to dzi\u0119ki Ewie<\/em>. <\/strong>Everything I know is thanks to Ewa-Dat.<\/p>\n Nie mam nic przeciwko temu<\/em>. <\/strong>I don’t have anything against that-Dat.<\/p>\n Accusative Case <\/strong>(co? kogo?<\/strong>)<\/span><\/p>\n The Accusative case is used to express:<\/p>\n 1. The complement after transitive verbs<\/span><\/p>\n Mam siostr\u0119 i brata.\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>I have a\u00a0sister (Acc.) and\u00a0brother (Acc.<\/strong>)<\/p>\n Chc\u0119 kupi\u0107 chleb<\/em>, mas\u0142o<\/em> i\u00a0mleko. <\/em><\/strong>I want to buy\u00a0bread (Acc.), butter (Acc.), and milk\u00a0(Acc.<\/strong>)<\/p>\n Chcia\u0142bym pozna\u0107 twoje siostry.\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>I’d like to meet your\u00a0sisters (Acc.pl.<\/strong>)<\/p>\n This use of the Accusative is called the direct-object use. In general, one chooses the Accusative after a verb unless there is a specific reason to use another case.<\/p>\n 2. Various verb+preposition phrasal combinations take the Accusative case, for example czeka\u0107 na <\/strong>(wait for)<\/em>, patrzy\u0107 na <\/strong>(look at<\/em>), <\/em>pyta\u0107 o <\/strong>(ask about<\/em>), <\/em>martwi\u0107 si\u0119 o <\/strong>(worry<\/em> about<\/em>), <\/em>dba\u0107 o <\/strong>(look after, care about<\/em>):<\/span><\/p>\n Czekam na mojego syna. <\/strong>I\u2019m waiting for my son-Acc.<\/p>\n Dbam o siebie<\/em>. <\/strong>I take care of myself -Acc.<\/p>\n O co <\/em>pytasz? <\/strong>What-Acc. are you asking about?<\/p>\n 3. After the prepositions przez <\/strong>(across, through, by)<\/em>; za <\/strong>in the meaning (in\/after a period of time) <\/em>or in exchange for<\/em>; <\/em>after na <\/strong>in the meaning (for <\/em>or to)<\/em>; and after w <\/strong>in the meaning \u2018into\u2019, <\/em>and in various other expressions.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n Pan\u00a0Jan zosta\u0142 zaanga\u017cowany przez pana Kwiatkowskiego<\/em>. <\/strong>Jan was hired by Mr. Kwiatkowski-Acc.<\/strong><\/p>\n B\u0119d\u0119 gotowy za godzin\u0119<\/em>. <\/strong>I’ll be ready in an hour-Acc.<\/strong><\/p>\n Dzi\u0119kuj\u0119 za prezent<\/em>. <\/strong>Thanks for the gift-Acc.<\/p>\n Jedziemy do\u00a0Lublina na obiad<\/em>. <\/strong>We’re going to\u00a0Lublin\u00a0for a dinner-Acc.<\/p>\n Wchodzimy w las<\/em>. <\/strong>We’re entering the forest-Acc. (On a day of the week <\/em>is expressed with w <\/strong>+ A: <\/em>w poniedzia\u0142ek <\/strong>[on Monday<\/em>].<\/em>)<\/p>\n 4. After the usually Instrumental prepositions nad<\/strong>, pod, przed<\/strong>, za <\/strong>in the sense of<\/span><\/p>\n \u201cmotion-to\u201d:<\/span><\/p>\n Jedziemy nad jezioro. <\/strong>We are going to the lake.<\/p>\n Autobus\u00a0podjecha\u0142 pod dom. <\/strong>The\u00a0bus drove up to the house.<\/p>\n 5. In expressing duration of time.<\/span><\/p>\n Pracowa\u0142em tam dwa dni. <\/strong>I worked there two days-Acc.<\/strong><\/p>\n Instrumental Case <\/strong>(czym? kim?<\/em><\/strong>)<\/span><\/p>\n The Instrumental case is used to express:<\/p>\n 1. Predicate nouns (nouns after linking verbs like by\u0107 <\/strong>[be<\/em>], zosta\u0107 <\/strong>[become<\/em>]):<\/span><\/p>\n Jestem lekarzem<\/em>. <\/strong>I am a doctor-Inst.<\/strong><\/p>\n Ona jest\u00a0moim szefem.<\/em> <\/strong>She is my boss-Inst.<\/strong><\/p>\n On zosta\u0142 prezydentem. <\/strong>He became president-Inst.<\/p>\n 2. Expressing by means of:<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n Jedziemy tam\u00a0naszym samochodem<\/em>. <\/strong>We’re going there in\u00a0our car-Inst.<\/strong><\/p>\n Pisz\u0119 nowym d\u0142ugopisem<\/em>. <\/strong>I’m writing with a new pen-Inst.<\/strong><\/p>\n Here also goes the \u201cInstrumental of Path\u201d:<\/p>\n Niech pani idzie t\u0105 ulic\u0105 <\/em>do ko\u0144ca. <\/strong>Go along this street-Inst. to the end.<\/p>\n 3. Accompaniment of an action by a body movement:<\/span><\/p>\n Ona machn\u0119\u0142a r\u0119k\u0105<\/em>. <\/strong>She waved (with) her hand-Inst.<\/p>\n On zareagowa\u0142 u\u015bmiechem<\/em>. <\/strong>He reacted with a smile-Inst.<\/p>\n 4. Abstract causes:<\/span><\/p>\n By\u0142em zaskoczony jego szczero\u015bci\u0105. <\/em><\/strong>I was surprised by his sincerity-Inst.<\/p>\n 5. With respect to:<\/span><\/p>\n On mo\u017ce jest starszy wiekiem <\/em>ale nie usposobieniem. <\/em><\/strong>He maybe is older with<\/p>\n respect to age-Inst. but not deportment-Inst.<\/p>\n 6. Certain time periods:<\/span><\/p>\n latem\u00a0<\/strong>in the summer<\/p>\n noc\u0105 <\/strong>at night<\/p>\n po po\u0142udniu \u00a0<\/strong>in the afternoon<\/p>\n 7. After the static-location prepositions mi\u0119dzy <\/strong>(between<\/em>), nad <\/strong>(over<\/em>), pod <\/strong>(under<\/em>), przed <\/strong>(before<\/em>), z <\/strong>(with)<\/em>, za <\/strong>(behind<\/em>):<\/span><\/p>\n Id\u0119 na koncert z moimi dobrymi przyjaci\u00f3\u0142mi<\/em><\/strong>. <\/em>I’m going to a concert with my good friends-Inst.<\/p>\n