{"id":1541,"date":"2011-02-24T20:25:29","date_gmt":"2011-02-24T20:25:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/?p=1541"},"modified":"2011-02-24T20:25:29","modified_gmt":"2011-02-24T20:25:29","slug":"nouns-cases-and-case-use-part-iii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/nouns-cases-and-case-use-part-iii\/","title":{"rendered":"Nouns &#8211; Cases and Case Use Part III"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Today we will finish talking about cases. The two that we have left is <strong>Locative <\/strong>(<strong>miejscownik) <\/strong>and <strong>Vocative <\/strong>(<strong>wo<\/strong><strong>\u0142acz<\/strong>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>Locative Case <\/strong>(<strong><em>o czym? o kim?<\/em><\/strong>)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Locative<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"> indicates a location and<\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"> is required after the prepositions <strong>w <\/strong><em>in<\/em>, <strong>na <\/strong>(<em>on, at<\/em>)<em>, <\/em><strong>o <\/strong>(<em>about<\/em>)<em>, <\/em><strong>po <\/strong>(<em>after<\/em>)<em>, <\/em><strong>przy <\/strong>(<em>near, during, while<\/em>)<strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Ona jest teraz w <em>szkole <\/em><\/strong>\u00a0Now she is at school -Loc. <strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Po<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<em>kolacji <\/em>idziemy do kina <\/strong>After dinner-Loc. we are going to the movie<strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Musz\u0119 kupi\u0107 znaczki na <em>poczcie <\/em><\/strong>I have to buy stamps at the post-office-Loc<strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Biblioteka stoi przy <em>ulicy Wars <\/em><\/strong>The library is next to Wars Street-Loc.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">There are several different locative endings in Polish:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li><strong>-ie<\/strong> used for singular nouns of all genders, e.g. <em>niebo \u2192 niebie<\/em>.\n<ul>\n<li><em>brat \u2192 bracie<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>rzeka \u2192 rzece<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>noga \u2192 nodze<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>-u<\/strong> used for:\n<ul>\n<li>Some masculine singular nouns, e.g. <em>syn \u2192 synu, dom \u2192 domu, bok \u2192 boku, brzuch \u2192 brzuchu, worek \u2192 worku*, nastr\u00f3j \u2192 nastroju*, deszcz \u2192 deszczu, mi\u015b \u2192 misiu, ko\u0144 \u2192 koniu, Pozna\u0144 \u2192 Poznaniu, Wroc\u0142aw \u2192 Wroc\u0142awiu, Bytom \u2192 Bytomiu**<\/em> [* In a few cases, a vowel change may occur, e.g. \u00f3 \u2192 o, or a vowel may be dropped. ** Final consonants in Wroc\u0142aw and Bytom used to be soft, which is still reflected in suffixed forms, hence -i-.]<\/li>\n<li>All neuter singular nouns ending in <em>-e<\/em>, e.g. <em>miejsce \u2192 miejscu, \u017cycie \u2192 \u017cyciu<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Some neuter singular nouns ending in <em>-o<\/em>, e.g. <em>mleko \u2192 mleku, \u0142\u00f3\u017cko \u2192 \u0142\u00f3\u017cku, ucho \u2192 uchu<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>-i<\/strong> used for:\n<ul>\n<li>Feminine nouns ending in <em>-ia<\/em>, e.g. <em>Kasia<\/em> (&#8220;Katie&#8221;) \u2192 <em>o Kasi<\/em> (&#8220;about Katie&#8221;), <em>Austria<\/em><em> \u2192 w Austrii<\/em> (&#8220;in Austria&#8221;)<\/li>\n<li>Feminine nouns ending in <em>-\u015b\u0107<\/em>, e.g. <em>mi\u0142o\u015b\u0107<\/em> (&#8220;love&#8221;) \u2192 <em>o mi\u0142o\u015bci<\/em> (&#8220;about love&#8221;)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>-ach<\/strong> used for plural nouns of all genders, e.g. <em>kobiety<\/em> (&#8220;women&#8221;) \u2192 <em>o kobietach<\/em> (&#8220;about women&#8221;)<\/li>\n<li><strong>-ich \/ -ych<\/strong> Used for plural adjectives of all genders, e.g. <em>ma\u0142e sklepy<\/em> (&#8220;small shops&#8221;) \u2192 <em>w ma\u0142ych sklepach<\/em> (&#8220;in small shops&#8221;)<\/li>\n<li><strong>-im \/ -ym<\/strong> Used for masculine and neuter singular adjectives, e.g. <em>polski j\u0119zyk<\/em> (&#8220;Polish language&#8221;) \u2192 <em>w polskim j\u0119zyku<\/em> (&#8220;in the Polish language&#8221;)<\/li>\n<li><strong>-ej<\/strong> Used for feminine singular adjectives, e.g. <em>du\u017ca krowa<\/em> (&#8220;big cow&#8221;) \u2192 <em>o du\u017cej krowie<\/em> (&#8220;about a big cow&#8221;)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>Vocative Case (O!)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The <strong>vocative case<\/strong> is the case used for a noun identifying the person (animal, object, etc.) being addressed and\/or occasionally the determiners of that noun. A vocative expression is an expression of direct address, wherein the identity of the party being spoken to is set forth expressly within a sentence.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Feminine nouns<\/span> usually take -o, except those ending in -sia, -cia, -nia, and -dzia which take -u, and those ending in -\u015b\u0107 which take -i.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Masculine nouns<\/span> generally follow the complex pattern of the locative case, with the exception of a handful of words such as B\u00f3g \u2192 Bo\u017ce (&#8220;God&#8221;), ojciec \u2192 ojcze (&#8220;father&#8221;) and ch\u0142opiec \u2192 ch\u0142opcze (&#8220;boy&#8221;).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Neuter nouns<\/span> and all plural nouns are the same as in the nominative case.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Usually, the Nominative case functions as a de facto Vocative<\/span>:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Adam, chod\u017a tu! <\/strong>(<em>Adam -Nom., come here!<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Asia<\/strong><strong>, przynie\u015b ksi<\/strong><strong>\u0105\u017cki<\/strong><strong>!<\/strong> (<em>Asia<\/em><em> \u2013 Nom<\/em>. <em>bring books<\/em>)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">However, in conjunction with titles, the Vocative is obligatory:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Dzie\u0144<\/strong><em> <\/em><strong>dobry, <em>panie profesorze! <\/em><\/strong>(<em>Hello, professsor-Voc.!<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">In addition, the vocative remains prevalent:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">To address an individual using his\/her function, title, other attribute, family role <\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Panie doktorze<\/strong> (Doctor!), <strong>Panie prezesie!<\/strong> (Chairman!)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Przybywasz za p\u00f3\u017ano, wybawco<\/strong> (You arrive too late, savor-Voc)<\/li>\n<li><strong>synu<\/strong> (son), <strong>mamo<\/strong> (mom), <strong>tato<\/strong> (dad)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">After adjectives, demonstrative pronouns, and possessive pronouns<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Nie rozumiesz mnie, moja droga Kasiu!<\/strong> (You don&#8217;t understand me, my dear Kasia -Voc!)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">To address an individual in an offensive or condescending manner, e.g. <\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>Zamknij si\u0119, pajacu!<\/em><\/strong> (&#8220;Shut up, you buffoon!&#8221;)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Co si\u0119 gapisz, idioto?<\/em><\/strong><strong> <\/strong>(&#8220;What are you staring at, idiot!&#8221;)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">After &#8220;Ty&#8221; (second person singular pronoun) <\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ty k\u0142amczuchu!<\/strong> (You liar!)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Set expressions, e.g. <\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>(O) Matko!, (O) Bo\u017ce!, <\/strong>(Mother!, Oh God!)<strong><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">The vocative is also often employed in affectionate and endearing contexts<\/span> such as<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong><em>Kocham Ci\u0119 Mamo!<\/em><\/strong> (&#8220;I love you Mom!&#8221;)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong><em>T\u0119skni<\/em><\/strong><strong><em>\u0119 za Tob\u0105, moja \u017bono.<\/em><\/strong> (&#8220;I miss you, my wife.&#8221;)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">I think we covered everything. If I missed anything or if you have questions, please let me know in comments below. It will probably take a little time and a lot of patience to understand and remember all of it, but don\u2019t give up!<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Do nast\u0119pnego razu<\/strong>! (Till next time\u2026)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Today we will finish talking about cases. The two that we have left is Locative (miejscownik) and Vocative (wo\u0142acz). Locative Case (o czym? o kim?) Locative indicates a location and is required after the prepositions w in, na (on, at), o (about), po (after), przy (near, during, while) Ona jest teraz w szkole \u00a0Now she&hellip;<\/p>\n<p class=\"post-item__readmore\"><a class=\"btn btn--md\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/nouns-cases-and-case-use-part-iii\/\">Continue Reading<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":56,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1541","post","type-post","status-publish","hentry","category-grammar"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1541","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/56"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1541"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1541\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1545,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1541\/revisions\/1545"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1541"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1541"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1541"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}