In every language there are different types of clauses which are connected and associated with particular words, expressions or phrases. It often happens that we do not know the exact grammar name of these clauses, but still we use them both in speech and writing, sometimes even not realizing that. Below there is the presentation of this aspect in Polish and English.<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Zdania celu<\/span>\u00a0(clauses of purpose) – as the name suggests, these sentences have to do with some purpose, aim. They explain why we do something. We differentiate the following words and expressions here:<\/p>\n \n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n –\u00a0aby\/\u017ceby<\/span>\u00a0(to – infinitive\/in order to\/so as to):<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Odwiedzi\u0142am\/Odwiedzi\u0142em j\u0105, aby\/\u017ceby jej pogratulowa\u0107<\/span>. (I visited her to\/in order to\/so as to congratulate her.)<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n –\u00a0tak, aby\/tak, \u017ceby<\/span>\u00a0(so that\/in order that):<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Piotr kupi\u0142 nowy samoch\u00f3d tak, aby\/tak, \u017ceby m\u00f3c pojecha\u0107 do Francji.<\/span>\u00a0(Peter has bought a new car so that\/in order that he can go to France.)<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n –\u00a0w razie\/na wypadek czego\u015b\/gdyby<\/span>\u00a0(in case):<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n We\u017a kilka kanapek w razie gdyby\u015b by\u0142a\/by\u0142 g\u0142odna\/g\u0142odny.<\/span>\u00a0(Take a few sandwiches in case you are hungry.)<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n –\u00a0na<\/span>\u00a0(for + noun):<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n (On) wpad\u0142 na fili\u017cank\u0119 kawy.<\/span>\u00a0(He popped in for a cup of coffee.)<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n –\u00a0do robienia czego\u015b<\/span>\u00a0(for + -ing form):<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Tego urz\u0105dzenia u\u017cywa si\u0119 do ubijania jajek.<\/strong> (This device is used for beating eggs.)<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n –\u00a0z zamiarem\/maj\u0105c na wzgl\u0119dzie<\/span>\u00a0(with a view to + -ing form):<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n (Ona) zadzwoni\u0142a do mnie z zamiarem powiedzenia mi o swoich problemach.<\/span>\u00a0(She called me with a view to telling me about her problems.)<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n –\u00a0zapobiec czemu\u015b\/powstrzyma\u0107 kogo\u015b\/co\u015b przed zrobieniem czego\u015b\/uniemo\u017cliwia\u0107<\/span>\u00a0(prevent sb\/sth (from) + -ing form):<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Przytuli\u0142am dziecko, \u017ceby powstrzyma\u0107 je przed p\u0142akaniem.<\/span>\u00a0(I hugged the baby to prevent it (from) crying.)<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n –\u00a0unikn\u0105\u0107 czego\u015b\/zrobienia czego\u015b<\/span>\u00a0(avoid + -ing form):<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Zrobi\u0142am zadanie domowe, aby unikn\u0105\u0107 z\u0142ej oceny\/dostania z\u0142ej oceny.<\/span>\u00a0(I did my homework to avoid getting a bad mark.)<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n –\u00a0z obawy, \u017ce\/przed<\/span>\u00a0(for fear + might):<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Nie zadzwoni\u0142am do niego z obawy, \u017ce mo\u017ce si\u0119 ze mnie \u015bmia\u0107.<\/span>\u00a0(I didn\u2019t call him for fear he might laugh at me.)<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Zdania kontrastu<\/span>\u00a0(clauses of contrast) – there are a lot of words and phrases to introduce these clauses and express contrast:<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n –\u00a0ale<\/span>\u00a0(but):<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Potrafi\u0119 p\u0142ywa\u0107, ale nie potrafi\u0119 gra\u0107 w tenisa.<\/span>\u00a0(I can swim but I can\u2019t play tennis.)<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n –\u00a0chocia\u017c\/nawet je\u015bli<\/span>\u00a0(although\/even though\/though):<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Chocia\u017c\/Nawet je\u015bli (ona) wiedzia\u0142a o moich problemach, nie powiedzia\u0142a mi o tym.<\/span>\u00a0(Although\/Even though\/Though she knew about my problems, she didn\u2019t tell me about that.)<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n –\u00a0pomimo\/mimo czego\u015b\/tego\/faktu, \u017ce<\/span>\u00a0(in spite of\/despite the fact that):<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Pomimo\/Mimo odwagi, (on) nie podszed\u0142 do psa.<\/span>\u00a0(In spite of\/Despite his bravery, he didn\u2019t come to the dog.)<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n or\u00a0Pomimo\/Mimo tego\/faktu, \u017ce (on) jest odwa\u017cny, nie podszed\u0142 do psa.<\/span>\u00a0(In spite of\/Despite the fact that he is brave, he didn\u2019t come to the dog.)<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n –\u00a0jednak\/jednak\u017ce\/mimo to<\/span>\u00a0(however\/nevertheless\/still):<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n (Ona) jest dobrze wykszta\u0142cona. Jednak\/Jednak\u017ce, nie mo\u017ce znale\u017a\u0107 pracy.<\/span>\u00a0(She is well-educated. However\/Nevertheless\/Still, she can\u2019t find a job.)<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n –\u00a0podczas gdy\/gdy\/natomiast\/tymczasem<\/span>\u00a0(while\/whereas):<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Moja siostra lubi s\u0142odycze podczas gdy\/gdy\/natomiast\/tymczasem ja wol\u0119 owoce.<\/span>\u00a0(My sister likes sweets while\/whereas I prefer fruit.)<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n –\u00a0z drugiej strony<\/span>\u00a0(on the other hand):<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Chcia\u0142abym zarabia\u0107 wi\u0119cej. Z drugiej strony, lubi\u0119 ludzi, z kt\u00f3rymi teraz pracuj\u0119.<\/span>\u00a0(I\u2019d like to earn more. On the other hand, I like people I\u2019m working with now.)<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Zdania przyczyny<\/span>\u00a0(clauses of reason) – they answer the question \u201cwhy” something happens or happened and are recognized by means of the following expressions:<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n –\u00a0poniewa\u017c<\/span>\u00a0(because\/as\/since):<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Nie zauwa\u017cy\u0142am tego, poniewa\u017c by\u0142am bardzo zaj\u0119ta.<\/span>\u00a0(I didn\u2019t notice that because\/as\/since I was very busy).<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n It should be noticed here that in Polish we always put\u00a0przecinek<\/span>\u00a0(a coma) in front of\u00a0poniewa\u017c<\/span>\u00a0(because).<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Besides, the difference between English and Polish is that we do not begin a Polish sentence with the word\u00a0poniewa\u017c<\/span>\u00a0(because). In English we can do that by means of \u2018as\u2019 or \u2018since\u2019, for example, Since she didn\u2019t have any money, she decided to look for another job. In Polish we would have to change the order of the sentences and as a result we would have the following sentence:<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Zdecydowa\u0142a si\u0119 poszuka\u0107 innej pracy, poniewa\u017c nie mia\u0142a pieni\u0119dzy.<\/span><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n –\u00a0powodem czego\u015b\/zrobienia czego\u015b<\/span>\u00a0(the reason for + noun\/-ing form):<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Powodem jej choroby by\u0142 brak apetytu.<\/span>\u00a0(The reason for her disease was the lack of appetite.)<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n –\u00a0z powodu<\/span>\u00a0(because of\/on account of\/due to\/owing to):<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Z powodu z\u0142ej pogody lot zosta\u0142 odwo\u0142any.<\/span>\u00a0(Because of\/On account of\/Due to\/Owing to bad weather the flight was cancelled.)<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n –\u00a0z powodu tego\/faktu, \u017ce<\/span>\u00a0(because of\/on account of\/due to\/owing to the fact that):<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Lot zosta\u0142 odwo\u0142any z powodu tego\/faktu, \u017ce pogoda by\u0142a z\u0142a.<\/span>\u00a0(The flight was cancelled because of\/on account of\/due to\/owing to the fact that the weather was bad.)<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Zdania skutku<\/span>\u00a0(clauses of result) – they show the result, the consequence of the particular action. The phrases connected with them are:<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n –\u00a0w wyniku\/na skutek czego\/zatem<\/span>\u00a0(as a result\/consequently\/as a consequence):<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Nie posz\u0142am do lekarza. W wyniku\/Na skutek czego\/Zatem musia\u0142am i\u015b\u0107 do szpitala.<\/span>\u00a0(I didn\u2019t go to the doctor. As a result\/Consequently\/As a consequence, I had to go to hospital.)<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n –\u00a0dlatego<\/span>\u00a0(therefore):<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n (On) pope\u0142ni\u0142 wiele b\u0142\u0119d\u00f3w. Dlatego obla\u0142 egzamin.<\/span>\u00a0(He made a lot of mistakes. Therefore, he failed the exam.)<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n –\u00a0wi\u0119c<\/span>\u00a0(so):<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n (Ja) zapomnia\u0142am pieni\u0119dzy, wi\u0119c nie zrobi\u0142am zakup\u00f3w.<\/span>\u00a0(I forgot the money , so I didn\u2019t do the shopping.)<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n –\u00a0tak\/taka\/taki\/takie + przymiotnik\/przys\u0142\u00f3wek, \u017ce<\/span>\u00a0(so + adjective\/adverb (that)):<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Choinka by\u0142a tak\/taka pi\u0119kna, \u017ce nie mog\u0142am przesta\u0107 na ni\u0105 patrze\u0107.<\/span>\u00a0(The Christmas tree was so beautiful (that) I couldn\u2019t stop looking at it.) or\u00a0By\u0142o tak g\u0142o\u015bno, \u017ce nie mog\u0142am spa\u0107.<\/span>\u00a0(It was so loudly (that) I couldn\u2019t sleep.)<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n As we see, in English we can omit the word \u017ce (that) which is not possible as far as Polish is concerned.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n –\u00a0tak\/taka\/taki\/takie + przymiotnik + rzeczownik, \u017ce<\/span>\u00a0(such a\/an + adjective + singular countable noun or such + adjective + plural\/uncountable noun):<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n By\u0142 tak\/taki deszczowy i zimny dzie\u0144, \u017ce zostali\u015bmy w domu.<\/span>\u00a0(It was such a rainy and cold day (that) we stayed at home.) or\u00a0(Ja) kupi\u0142am tak\/takie smaczne pomidory, \u017ce wszyscy byli zaskoczeni.<\/span>\u00a0(I bought such tasty tomatoes (that) everybody was surprised.)<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n There are also words used when we want to add, to give some more information or something new to what we have said or written. They are, for example,:<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n –\u00a0i<\/span>\u00a0(and):<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Spotkanie by\u0142o interesuj\u0105ce i fantastyczne.<\/span>\u00a0(The meeting was interesting and fantastic.)<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n –\u00a0te\u017c\/tak\u017ce<\/span>\u00a0(also):<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Spotkanie by\u0142o interesuj\u0105ce. By\u0142o te\u017c\/tak\u017ce fantastyczne.<\/span>\u00a0(The meeting was interesting. It was also fantastic.)<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n –\u00a0opr\u00f3cz tego, \u017ce<\/span>\u00a0(in addition to):<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n