{"id":71,"date":"2008-07-17T11:45:19","date_gmt":"2008-07-17T15:45:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/?p=71"},"modified":"2014-06-10T13:11:35","modified_gmt":"2014-06-10T13:11:35","slug":"polish-adjectives-part-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/polish-adjectives-part-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Polish Adjectives, part 1"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>In my last article, while talking about \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/bobrowniki-wielkie\/\" target=\"_blank\">grand beaver dwelling places<\/a>\u201d (oh yes, we talk about some strange things here) I briefly touched on the subject of adjectives. So I suppose it\u2019s only fitting to finally give those adjectives a post of their own.<\/p>\n<p>Polish adjectives get a bad rap among foreign speakers, but totally undeservedly so. Compared to other parts of speech, adjectives in Polish are practically a cake-walk. It\u2019s true that they are marked for number and gender, but so are adjectives of many other languages. And just like in other languages, some adjectives can be used as nouns. And just like in other languages, they also have comparative and superlative forms. So far, so good, nothing unusual here.<\/p>\n<p>But what\u2019s different in Polish is that our adjectives decline. Oh yes, they do. Luckily, they decline in a more or less regular manner.<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>But before we get to declensions, let\u2019s first see how these adjectives change according to gender and number.<\/p>\n<p>And let\u2019s start with an easy example \u2013 <strong>g\u0142odny<\/strong> (hungry)<\/p>\n<p>The form you see listed in a dictionary is normally a singular, masculine adjective in its nominative case, such as:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2008\/07\/glodny.mp3\" target=\"_blank\">g\u0142odny<\/a><\/strong> (adj. singular, masculine) = hungry<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Now let\u2019s add a person-masculine noun to it:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2008\/07\/glodny-turysta.mp3\" target=\"_blank\">g\u0142odny turysta<\/a><\/strong> = a hungry tourist (just like you after a whole day of sightseeing in Krak\u00f3w)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Even though \u201c<strong>turysta<\/strong>\u201d ends with an \u201ca\u201d, it is indeed a masculine noun.<\/p>\n<p>When it comes to adjectives, it is important to make a distinction between person-masculine nouns and other masculine nouns. While it make no difference in singular forms, you\u2019ll see it does change how the adjective behaves in plural versions.<\/p>\n<p>And as a non-person masculine noun, we can use the poor beaver from our last post:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2008\/07\/glodny-bobr.mp3\" target=\"_blank\">g\u0142odny b\u00f3br<\/a><\/strong> = a hungry beaver (just like in this photo)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>We can stay in the animal kingdom for a feminine noun, what do you think?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2008\/07\/glodna-koza.mp3\" target=\"_blank\">g\u0142odna koza<\/a><\/strong> = a hungry goat (yes, a goat is feminine in Polish)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>And finally, for a neuter noun:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2008\/07\/glodne-dziecko.mp3\" target=\"_blank\">g\u0142odne dziecko<\/a><\/strong> = a hungry child<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>See, it\u2019s not all that complicated. In singular forms, the adjective endings are as follow:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>masculine: <strong>-y<\/strong> or <strong>\u2013i<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>feminine: <strong>-a<\/strong> or <strong>\u2013ia<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>and neuter: <strong>-e<\/strong> or <strong>\u2013ie<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Things are much, much simpler when it comes to plural forms.<br \/>\nThere are only two genders are far as adjectives are concerned: person-masculine and all others. Take a look:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2008\/07\/glodni-turysci.mp3\" target=\"_blank\">g\u0142odni tury\u015bci<\/a><\/strong> = hungry tourists<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>and:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2008\/07\/glodne-bobry.mp3\" target=\"_blank\">g\u0142odne bobry<\/a><\/strong> = hungry beavers<\/li>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2008\/07\/glodne-kozy.mp3\" target=\"_blank\">g\u0142odne kozy<\/a><\/strong> = hungry goats<\/li>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2008\/07\/glodne-dzieci.mp3\" target=\"_blank\">g\u0142odne dzieci<\/a><\/strong> = hungry children<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>So, the adjective endings in plural are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>person-masculine: <strong>-i<\/strong> or <strong>\u2013y<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>all other genders: <strong>-e<\/strong> or <strong>\u2013ie<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>And remember, all the endings above are for the nominative case only!<\/p>\n<p>It\u2019s true that in some cases consonants in the adjective stem change a bit when making a person-masculine plural form, but let\u2019s leave that issue for another post.<\/p>\n<p>And finally, the most important word in today\u2019s article:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2008\/07\/przymiotnik.mp3\" target=\"_blank\">przymiotnik<\/a><\/strong> (noun, singular, masculine, non-person, plural: <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2008\/07\/przymiotniki.mp3\" target=\"_blank\">przymiotniki<\/a><\/strong>) = an adjective<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<img width=\"250\" height=\"195\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2008\/07\/beaver.jpg\" class=\"attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image tmp-hide-img\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><p>In my last article, while talking about \u201cgrand beaver dwelling places\u201d (oh yes, we talk about some strange things here) I briefly touched on the subject of adjectives. So I suppose it\u2019s only fitting to finally give those adjectives a post of their own. Polish adjectives get a bad rap among foreign speakers, but totally&hellip;<\/p>\n<p class=\"post-item__readmore\"><a class=\"btn btn--md\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/polish-adjectives-part-1\/\">Continue Reading<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":37,"featured_media":72,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[17,74,306825,7490,7492],"class_list":["post-71","post","type-post","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-grammar","tag-adjectives","tag-gender","tag-grammar","tag-nominative","tag-number"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/71","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/37"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=71"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/71\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5387,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/71\/revisions\/5387"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/72"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=71"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=71"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/polish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=71"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}