{"id":3146,"date":"2012-06-25T08:25:01","date_gmt":"2012-06-25T08:25:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/russian\/?p=3146"},"modified":"2014-07-17T18:26:09","modified_gmt":"2014-07-17T18:26:09","slug":"internal-anatomy-for-clueless-n00bs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/russian\/internal-anatomy-for-clueless-n00bs\/","title":{"rendered":"Internal Anatomy for “Clueless N00bs”"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0410\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u00ab\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u00bb<\/b><\/p>\n

Last week, I took you on a whirlwind tour through the digestive tract. Today, we’ll continue our \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0430<\/span>\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b<\/span>\u0442\u0438\u0435<\/b> (“virtual dissection”) of the human body. Actually, almost everything one can say about our own internal anatomy is also true of other \u043c\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430<\/span>\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435<\/b> (“mammals”), and much of it applies to \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043d\u043e<\/span>\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e<\/span>\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435<\/b> (“vertebrate animals”) in general. (Of course, there are significant exceptions — e.g., fish have \u0436\u0430<\/span>\u0431\u0440\u044b<\/b>, “gills,” instead of \u043b\u0451\u0433\u043a\u0438\u0435<\/b>, “lungs.”)<\/p>\n

Before we peel back the \u043a\u043e<\/span>\u0436\u0430<\/b> (“skin”) to look at lungs and whatnot, let’s go down to a much smaller \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430<\/span>\u0431<\/b> (“scale of size”). And by the way, mouse-hovering over yellow-highlighted<\/b><\/span> words will give you a pop-up with optional (but maybe useful) info about the term’s etymology, or alternative meanings, etc.<\/p>\n

The basic \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438<\/span>\u0446\u0430<\/b> (“unit”) of multicellular organisms such as ourselves is the \u043a\u043b\u0435<\/span>\u0442\u043a\u0430<\/b><\/span> (“cell”).<\/p>\n

Hundreds or thousands of \u043a\u043b\u0435<\/span>\u0442\u043a\u0438<\/b> may be arranged into a long \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043a\u043d\u043e<\/span><\/b> (“fiber”), and multiple \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e<\/span>\u043a\u043d\u0430<\/b> are further organized into \u0442\u043a\u0430<\/span>\u043d\u0438<\/b><\/span> (“tissues”). Finally, one or more types of tissue may constitute an \u043e<\/span>\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d<\/b><\/span> (take a guess!).<\/p>\n

We could also discuss structures at the sub-cellular level — for example, the \u043a\u043b\u0435<\/span>\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u043e<\/span><\/b> (“cell nucleus”) — and continue all the way down to a molecular \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430<\/span>\u0431<\/b>. But that gets numbingly technical, and frankly it’s less interesting from a language perspective because much of the vocabulary is of modern Greco-Latin origin.<\/p>\n

So let’s focus on the major organs. And since my previous post ended in the lower regions of the \u0442\u0443<\/span>\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0449\u0435<\/b> (“torso”), while we’re down here we might as well consider those internal structures that are significantly different in males and females — namely, the…<\/p>\n

\u041e<\/span>\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435<\/span>\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0438<\/span>\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b<\/span>\u0435 \u043e<\/span>\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u044b<\/b>
\n(“Organs of reproduction, or sexual organs”)<\/p>\n

As we all know, sexual reproduction involves the union of a \u044f\u0439\u0446\u043e<\/span><\/b> (“egg; ovum”) and a \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0437\u043e<\/span>\u0438\u0434<\/b> (“sperm cell”) — a process known as \u043e\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435<\/span>\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/b><\/span> (“impregnation; insemination”). In females, the ova are produced in each \u044f\u0438<\/span>\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a<\/b> (“ovary”), while a male’s sperm cells are formed in each \u044f\u0438<\/span>\u0447\u043a\u043e<\/b> (“testicle”). Speaking of which, allow me to offer a…<\/p>\n

\n
\u00bb<\/span>*<\/span>\u00ab<\/span> HELPFUL HOUSEHOLD HINT<\/span> \u00bb<\/span>*<\/span>\u00ab<\/span>
\nfor HAPPY HOSTESSES\u2122 <\/span><\/div>\n

To avoid causing total embarrassment and\/or painful bodily injuries to Russian guests at your breakfast table, do NOT get either \u044f\u0438<\/span>\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a<\/b> or \u044f\u0438<\/span>\u0447\u043a\u043e<\/b> confused with \u044f\u0438<\/span>\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430<\/b>, the generic term for any dish made by frying eggs in a skillet.
\n(If someone requests \u044f\u0438<\/span>\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430-\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0442\u0443<\/span>\u043d\u044c\u044f<\/b>, for instance, it means they want “scrambled eggs.”)<\/i><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Anyway, the \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0437\u043e<\/span>\u0438\u0434\u044b<\/b> get mixed with fluids from various glands to make \u0441\u043f\u0435<\/span>\u0440\u043c\u0430<\/b> (“semen”), which exits by way of the \u0447\u043b\u0435<\/span>\u043d<\/b><\/span> (“penis”) and — sometimes! — makes its way into a \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430<\/span>\u043b\u0438\u0449\u0435<\/b><\/span> (“vagina”). As fate dictates, the sperm cells may encounter an ovum coming down one of the \u0444\u0430\u043b\u043b\u043e<\/span>\u043f\u0438\u0435\u0432\u044b \u0442\u0440\u0443<\/span>\u0431\u044b<\/b> (“Fallopian tubes”). The fertilized egg implants itself in the wall of the \u043c\u0430<\/span>\u0442\u043a\u0430<\/b> (“uterus; womb”), and thus begins the long process of \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435<\/span>\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/b> (“pregnancy”), as the single cell gradually develops into a \u0437\u0430\u0440\u043e<\/span>\u0434\u044b\u0448<\/b> (“embryo; fetus”).<\/p>\n

With that mammal-centric but thoroughly \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0443<\/span>\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439<\/b><\/span> (i.e., “G-rated; safe for all audiences”) lesson in Sex-Ed out of the way, let’s move on to…<\/p>\n

\u041a\u043e<\/span>\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u044b<\/span>\u0448\u0446\u044b<\/b>
\n(“Bones and muscles”)<\/p>\n

For the most part, individual \u043a\u043e<\/span>\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/b> (“bones”) in the \u0441\u043a\u0435\u043b\u0435<\/span>\u0442<\/b> (“skeleton”) take their names from the body parts in which they’re located. The “thighbone” or “femur,” for instance, is the \u0431\u0435<\/span>\u0434\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e<\/span>\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/b>, using the adjectival form of \u0431\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e<\/span><\/b> (“thigh”).<\/p>\n

However, a few bones have their own special names. The word for “rib” is particularly easy for English speakers because it’s almost a sound-alike: \u0440\u0435\u0431\u0440\u043e<\/span><\/b> (pl. \u0440\u0451\u0431\u0440\u0430<\/b>).<\/p>\n

And on a pirate flag, you’ll find not only \u0441\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e<\/span>\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/b> (“crossed bones”) but above them a \u0447\u0435<\/span>\u0440\u0435\u043f<\/b> (“skull”) with two gaping \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0438<\/span>\u0446\u044b<\/b> (“eye sockets”) — and depending on the flag’s design, Mr. Skull may or may not be in possession of a \u0447\u0435<\/span>\u043b\u044e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/b> (“lower jaw; jawbone”).<\/p>\n

Going downward from the skull, an individual “vertebra” is a \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043d\u043e<\/span>\u043a<\/b><\/span> — while \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043d\u043e<\/span>\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a<\/b> refers collectively to the entire “backbone” or “spine”. (But remember that \u0441\u043f\u0438\u043d\u0430<\/span><\/b> means the whole back, not just the spine!) On the upper back, to either side of the \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043d\u043e<\/span>\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a<\/b>, you’ll find a \u043b\u043e\u043f\u0430<\/span>\u0442\u043a\u0430<\/b> (“shoulder-blade”). And at the bottom of the spine is the \u0442\u0430<\/span>\u0437<\/b> (“pelvic girdle; hipbones”).<\/p>\n

Whatever names they go by, when two or more bones meet they form a \u0441\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430<\/span>\u0432<\/b> (“joint”), which may be padded with rubbery \u0445\u0440\u044f\u0449<\/b> (“cartilage”) — the stuff that also makes up the entire \u0441\u043a\u0435\u043b\u0435<\/span>\u0442<\/b> of \u0445\u0440\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0432\u044b<\/span>\u0435 \u0440\u044b<\/span>\u0431\u044b<\/b> (“cartilaginous fishes”), such as the \u0430\u043a\u0443<\/span>\u043b\u0430<\/b> (“shark”). And \u0441\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0438<\/span>\u043b\u0438\u044f<\/b> (“tendons”) \u0441\u0432\u044f<\/span>\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043a\u043e<\/span>\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441 \u043c\u044b<\/span>\u0448\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438<\/b> (“connect bones to muscles”).<\/p>\n

Speaking of muscles, you’ll notice that \u043c\u044b<\/span>\u0448\u0446\u0430<\/b> (“muscle”) looks a lot like \u043c\u044b<\/span>\u0448\u044c<\/b> (“mouse”). That’s not a coincidence — in both English and Russian, muscles got their name from Latin musculus<\/i>, “little mouse.” In fact, the Latin word entered Russian twice; it was Slavicized as the noun \u043c\u044b<\/span>\u0448\u0446\u0430<\/b> and its adjectival form \u043c\u044b<\/span>\u0448\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439<\/b> (“relating to muscle tissue”), and then borrowed again as \u043c\u0443<\/span>\u0441\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0439<\/b> (“built like Schwarzenegger”) and also \u043c\u0443<\/span>\u0441\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439<\/b> (a synonym for \u043c\u044b<\/span>\u0448\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439<\/b>).<\/p>\n

Coming in the final part of our Russian anatomy lesson: Circulation and nerves!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\"a

\u0410\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u00ab\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u00bb Last week, I took you on a whirlwind tour through the digestive tract. Today, we’ll continue our \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435 (“virtual dissection”) of the human body. Actually, almost everything one can say about our own internal anatomy is also true of other \u043c\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 (“mammals”), and much of it applies to \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435…<\/p>\n

Continue Reading<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":94,"featured_media":3165,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[8825,117463,541523,111747],"class_list":["post-3146","post","type-post","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-language","tag-biology","tag-russian-medical-terms","tag-science","tag-useful-russian-phrases"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/russian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3146","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/russian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/russian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/russian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/94"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/russian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3146"}],"version-history":[{"count":18,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/russian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3146\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6456,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/russian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3146\/revisions\/6456"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/russian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3165"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/russian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3146"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/russian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3146"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/russian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3146"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}