{"id":3796,"date":"2012-09-26T08:00:30","date_gmt":"2012-09-26T08:00:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/russian\/?p=3796"},"modified":"2014-07-17T18:47:51","modified_gmt":"2014-07-17T18:47:51","slug":"we-must-cultivate-our-garden-or-more-about-tools","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/russian\/we-must-cultivate-our-garden-or-more-about-tools\/","title":{"rendered":"We must cultivate our garden! (or, more about tools)"},"content":{"rendered":"

In Monday’s post<\/a>, I talked about some of the basic \u0440\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b<\/span>\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435<\/span>\u043d\u0442\u044b<\/b> (“hand tools”) that might be employed by a \u043f\u043b\u043e<\/span>\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a<\/b> (“carpenter”) or a \u0441\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435<\/span>\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a<\/b> (“plumber”) — as well as some of the verbs that go along with these tools. Today, we’ll take that theme out into to the \u043e\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e<\/span>\u0434<\/b> (“backyard vegetable patch”), with some tools that you need for \u0441\u0430\u0434\u043e<\/span>\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e<\/b> (“gardening”).<\/p>\n

But first, there’s one very important “tool” that I forgot in the last post. \u0421\u043a\u0430<\/span>\u0436\u0435\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u044b<\/span> \u0438\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043b\u044f<\/span>\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0435<\/span>\u0442\u043a\u0443 \u0438\u0437 \u0434\u0435<\/span>\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430<\/b> (“Let’s say that you’re fashioning a small stool out of wood”), \u0438 \u0432\u044b<\/span> \u0443\u0436\u0435<\/span> \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0438\u043b\u0438<\/span>\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u043e<\/span>\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0447\u0430<\/span>\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/b> (“and you have already sawed some boards into pieces”). Obviously, a roughly-sawn piece of wood full of splinters wouldn’t be nice to sit on, so how do you make it smooth?<\/p>\n

That, of course, is where you need some \u043d\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430<\/span>\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0443\u043c\u0430<\/span>\u0433\u0430<\/b> (“sandpaper”), whose name comes from \u043d\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430<\/span>\u043a<\/b> (“emery” or “corundum”), the mineral that typically composes the “sand” on the paper. And one of the verbs that can mean “to sand something” is (\u043e\u0442)\u0448\u0438\u0444\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430<\/span>\u0442\u044c<\/b>, literally “to polish”:<\/p>\n

\u0421\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044f<\/span>\u0440 \u0448\u0438\u0444\u043b\u0443<\/span>\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u043e<\/span>\u0441\u043a\u0443.<\/b>
\n(“The cabinetmaker is sanding\/polishing the board.”)<\/p>\n

If you’re using rather coarse sandpaper and aren’t really at the “polishing” stage yet, an alternative verb could be \u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430<\/span>\u0442\u044c\/\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435<\/span>\u0442\u044c<\/b>, “to rub”, with the word for “sandpaper” in the instrumental:<\/p>\n

\u0421\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044f<\/span>\u0440 \u043d\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0451\u0440 \u0434\u043e<\/span>\u0441\u043a\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430<\/span>\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0443\u043c\u0430<\/span>\u0433\u043e\u0439.<\/b>
\n(“The cabinetmaker has rubbed the board with sandpaper.”)<\/p>\n

Note, by the way, that the -\u0435-<\/b> drops out of the -\u0442\u0435\u0440-<\/b> syllable when the perfective \u043d\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435<\/span>\u0442\u044c<\/b> is conjugated:<\/p>\n

\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0443<\/span>
\n\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0451\u0448\u044c
\n[…]
\n\u043e\u043d\u0438<\/span> \u043d\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0443<\/span>\u0442<\/b>
\npast: \u043e\u043d \u043d\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0451\u0440, \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0451\u0440\u043b\u0430<\/b>
\nimperative: \u043d\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438<\/span>(\u0442\u0435)!<\/b><\/p>\n

And this pattern generally holds true for other perfective verbs from the root -\u0442\u0435\u0440-<\/b> “to rub”: that -\u0435-<\/b> is there in the infinitive, but disappears in the conjugation. (But there are some derivatives where this doesn’t happen: the “grater” that you use when shredding Cheddar for an omelet is a \u0442\u0451\u0440\u043a\u0430<\/b>, for instance.)<\/p>\n

And now, \u043f\u043e\u0448\u043b\u0438<\/span> \u0432 \u043e\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e<\/span>\u0434!<\/b> (“let’s go out to the garden”).<\/p>\n

\u0421\u0430\u0434\u043e<\/span>\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435<\/span>\u043d\u0442\u044b<\/b> (“Garden tools”)<\/p>\n

If you’ve ever had to prepare a patch of dirt that has never been worked before, you know that there can be a LOT of work involved. For starters, there may be a lot of \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438<\/b> (“plant roots”) that have to be cut back and removed, and here a \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e<\/span>\u0440\u0438\u043a<\/b> (“hatchet; small axe”) or even a \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e<\/span>\u0440<\/b> (“axe”, gen.<\/i> \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430<\/span><\/b>) comes in handy. And the basic verb you’d use here is \u0440\u0443\u0431\u0438<\/span>\u0442\u044c<\/b> (“to cut, chop”), which conjugates \u044f \u0440\u0443\u0431\u043b\u044e<\/span>, \u0442\u044b \u0440\u0443<\/span>\u0431\u0438\u0448\u044c<\/b>, etc. There are various prefixed forms, such as \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0430<\/span>\u0442\u044c\/\u0432\u044b<\/span>\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0438\u0442\u044c<\/b>, which can imply “to completely destroy and remove by chopping”:<\/p>\n

\u0421\u0430\u0434\u043e<\/span>\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0432\u0437\u044f<\/span>\u043b \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e<\/span>\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443<\/span> \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0435\u043c\u0443<\/span> \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u043b\u043e<\/span>\u0441\u044c \u0432\u044b<\/span>\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435<\/span>\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0443<\/span>\u0441\u0442.<\/b>
\n(“The garderner took up his hatchet, because he had to get rid off a diseased shrub.”)<\/p>\n

Another basic verb that means “to chop” is \u0441\u0435\u0447\u044c<\/b>:<\/p>\n

\u044f \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0443<\/span>
\n\u0442\u044b \u0441\u0435\u0447\u0451\u0448\u044c
\n[…]
\n\u043e\u043d\u0438<\/span> \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0443<\/span>\u0442<\/b>
\npast: \u043e\u043d \u0441\u0435\u043a, \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0430<\/span><\/b>
\nimperative: c\u0435\u043a\u0438(\u0442\u0435)!<\/b><\/p>\n

Again, there are prefixed forms, like \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0435\u043a\u0430<\/span>\u0442\u044c\/\u043e\u0442\u0441\u0435<\/span>\u0447\u044c<\/b> (“to chop off”):<\/p>\n

\u041d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f<\/span> \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0435\u043a\u0430<\/span>\u0442\u044c<\/span> \u0432\u0435<\/span>\u0442\u043a\u0443, \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e<\/span>\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438<\/span>\u0434\u0438\u0448\u044c!<\/b>
\n(“You shouldn’t chop off the branch that you’re sitting on!”)<\/p>\n

Once the troublesome roots are out of the way, there may still be some large rocks that have to be removed — so you’ll need a \u043b\u043e\u043f\u0430<\/span>\u0442\u0430<\/b> (“shovel; spade”). And for the actual process of digging, there are two more or less synonymous verbs. \u041a\u043e\u043f\u0430<\/span>\u0442\u044c<\/b> (perf. \u0432\u044b<\/span>\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/b>) is easy to conjugate: \u044f \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0430<\/span>\u044e, \u0442\u044b \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0430<\/span>\u0435\u0448\u044c<\/b>, and so forth. The verb \u0440\u044b\u0442\u044c<\/b> (perf. \u0432\u044b<\/span>\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044c<\/b>) is used just as commonly, but the conjugation is slightly more tricky, since the non-past forms have an -\u043e-<\/b> that pops in out of nowhere, just like with \u043c\u044b\u0442\u044c<\/b>, “to wash someone”:<\/p>\n

\u044f \u0440\u043e<\/span>\u044e
\n\u0442\u044b \u0440\u043e<\/span>\u0435\u0448\u044c
\n[…]
\n\u043e\u043d\u0438<\/span> \u0440\u043e<\/span>\u044e\u0442<\/b>
\npast: \u043e\u043d \u0440\u044b\u043b, \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u044b<\/span>\u043b\u0430<\/b>
\nimperative: \u0440\u043e\u0439(\u0442\u0435)!<\/b><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Whichever verb you use, they both mean “dig” in different senses, and thus can be followed by various direct objects in the accusative. For example:<\/p>\n

\u041e\u043d\u0430<\/span> \u0440\u043e<\/span>\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0435<\/span>\u043c\u043b\u044e\/\u043f\u043e<\/span>\u0447\u0432\u0443.<\/b>
\n(“She’s digging the earth\/soil” — i.e., to loosen it up)<\/p>\n

\u041c\u044b \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0430<\/span>\u0435\u043c \u044f<\/span>\u043c\u0443, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043b\u043e<\/span>\u0432\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0438<\/span>\u0433\u0440\u0430.<\/b>
\n(“We are digging a pit\/trap for catching a tiger.”)<\/p>\n

C\u0432\u0438\u043d\u044c\u044f<\/span> \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044e<\/span>\u0445\u0430\u043b \u0442\u0440\u044e<\/span>\u0444\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e<\/span> \u0432\u044b<\/span>\u0440\u044b\u043b\u0430.<\/b>
\n(“The pig sniffed the truffle and dug it up” — i.e., it removed the truffle from the ground after digging the soil around it)<\/p>\n

When the dirt is finally clear of roots and stones, it might be necessary to add a bit of \u043f\u0435\u0441\u043e<\/span>\u043a<\/b> (“sand”) for drainage \u0435<\/span>\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044f<\/span> \u043e<\/span>\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0433\u043b\u0438<\/span>\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044f<\/b> (“if the dirt has a lot of clay”). And it’s definitely a good idea to add some \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435<\/span>\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/b> — “fertilizer”. To get the dirt, sand, \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0451\u0442<\/b> (“manure”) and other additives all properly mixed together, you’ll need a \u0433\u0440\u0430<\/span>\u0431\u043b\u0438<\/b> (“a rake”, always pl., gen. \u0433\u0440\u0430<\/span>\u0431\u0435\u043b\u044c<\/b> or \u0433\u0440\u0430<\/span>\u0431\u043b\u0435\u0439<\/b>).<\/p>\n

From the looks of it, you might think that \u0433\u0440\u0430<\/span>\u0431\u043b\u0438<\/b> is somehow related to \u0433\u0440\u0430<\/span>\u0431\u0438\u0442\u044c<\/b> (“to rob, to loot”), but it’s not. In fact, the word for “a rake” derives from the verb \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/span><\/b> — which means, among other things, “to rake,” and conjugates like this:<\/p>\n

\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443<\/span>
\n\u0442\u044b \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0451\u0448\u044c
\n[…]
\n\u043e\u043d\u0438<\/span> \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443<\/span>\u0442<\/b>
\npast: \u043e\u043d \u0433\u0440\u0451\u0431, \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043b\u0430<\/span><\/b>
\nimperative: \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0438(\u0442\u0435)!<\/b><\/p>\n

Outside of your garden, \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/span><\/b> can also mean “to row; to paddle a boat” — using, of course, a \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e<\/span>\u043a<\/b> (“paddle”). And from this same verb derives \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0451\u043d\u043a\u0430<\/b> (“a hair-comb”), and oddly enough a (\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e<\/span>\u0439) \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0435\u0448\u043e<\/span>\u043a<\/b> (“a scallop,” as in the edible mollusc — presumably because the ridged shell looks as though it’s been combed).<\/p>\n

And before we take leave of the garden shed, the word \u0433\u0440\u0430<\/span>\u0431\u043b\u0438<\/b> figures into a particularly delightful expression: (\u0434\u0432\u0430<\/span>\u0436\u0434\u044b) \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430<\/span>\u0442\u044c\/\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438<\/span>\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435<\/span> \u0436\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430<\/span>\u0431\u043b\u0438<\/b>, “to step on the same rake twice,” meaning to repeat a stupid mistake without having learned from the unpleasant consequences, or to be “once bitten, but not twice shy.”<\/p>\n

In real life, of course, stepping on a rake will probably leave you with puncture wounds on your foot. But the expression refers to what happens in cartoons: the \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u044f<\/span>\u0442\u043a\u0430<\/b>, “handle,” flies up, accompanied by a loud whack<\/i> and chirping little birdies. (Which is better than a tetanus shot, I suppose.)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\"\"

In Monday’s post, I talked about some of the basic \u0440\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b (“hand tools”) that might be employed by a \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a (“carpenter”) or a \u0441\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a (“plumber”) — as well as some of the verbs that go along with these tools. Today, we’ll take that theme out into to the \u043e\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434 (“backyard vegetable patch”), with some…<\/p>\n

Continue Reading<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":94,"featured_media":3803,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":""},"categories":[8,7828],"tags":[109579,1290,158,111747],"class_list":["post-3796","post","type-post","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-language","category-russian-for-beginners","tag-gardening","tag-russian-verbs","tag-tools","tag-useful-russian-phrases"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t