{"id":4407,"date":"2013-01-16T08:00:48","date_gmt":"2013-01-16T08:00:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/russian\/?p=4407"},"modified":"2013-01-17T01:07:56","modified_gmt":"2013-01-17T01:07:56","slug":"lady-says-to-talking-margarine-participles","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/russian\/lady-says-to-talking-margarine-participles\/","title":{"rendered":"&#8220;So the lady says to the talking margarine&#8230;&#8221; (Participles and dumb TV ads)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>The title of the post is drawn from a list of &#8220;Stupid TV Commercial Cliches&#8221; that I found on a Russian humor site. I got a kick out of it because &#8220;idiotic advertising&#8221; has been a staple of English-language humor for generations, but in Russian, poking fun at consumerism is mostly a post-Soviet development. <\/p>\n<p>Apart from its humor value, the list also caught my eye because it includes several examples of verbs in their participial form, so it seemed like an ideal excuse to talk about the formation and use of Russian participles.<\/p>\n<p>But first, for those who want to practice your sight-reading skills, here&#8217;s that list in the original Russian &#8212; I&#8217;ve added some yellow pop-up hints for a few words to give you some help: <\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left:20px\"><b>\u0411\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440<u>\u044f<\/u> \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043b<u>\u0430<\/u>\u043c\u0435 \u043c<u>\u044b<\/u> \u0443\u0437\u043d<u>\u0430<\/u>\u043b\u0438 \u0447\u0442\u043e:<\/b> <\/p>\n<ol><b><\/p>\n<li>\u041a<u>\u0430<\/u>\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044f \u0434<u>\u0435<\/u>\u0432\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0430 \u0432 <u>\u044f<\/u>\u0440\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043b<u>\u0430<\/u>\u0442\u044c\u0435 <span style=\"background-color:yellow;border-bottom:1px dotted lime;border-right:1px dotted lime\" title=\"note the use of \u00ab\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0442\u043e-\u043d\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0434\u044c \u0441 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439\u00bb with the meaning ''to habitually carry something around on oneself''\">\u043d<u>\u043e<\/u>\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u0441 \u0441\u043e\u0431<u>\u043e<\/u>\u0439<\/span> \u0432 \u0441<u>\u0443<\/u>\u043c\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445\u043b<u>\u0438<\/u>\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 &#8220;Vanish.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>\u041b<u>\u044e<\/u>\u0434\u0438, \u0436\u0438\u0432<u>\u0443<\/u>\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043e\u0433\u0440<u>\u043e<\/u>\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448<u>\u043e<\/u> <span style=\"background-color:yellow;border-bottom:1px dotted lime;border-right:1px dotted lime\" title=\"\u00ab\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c\/\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c\u00bb = ''to furnish'' -- DON'T confuse with \u00ab\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c\/\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c\u00bb, ''to leave behind,'' or \u00ab\u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c\/\u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c\u00bb, ''to stand aside, get out of the way''\">\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442<u>\u0430<\/u>\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445<\/span> \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0442<u>\u0438<\/u>\u0440\u0430\u0445, <span style=\"background-color:yellow;border-bottom:1px dotted lime;border-right:1px dotted lime\" title=\"\u00ab\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f + \u0447\u0435\u043c-\u043d\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0434\u044c\u00bb (inst.) can imply ''to subsist on [a food]; to eat practically nothing but...''\">\u043f\u0438\u0442<u>\u0430<\/u>\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f<\/span> \u043b<u>\u0430<\/u>\u043f\u0448\u043e\u0439 &#8220;\u0420<u>\u043e<\/u>\u043b\u043b\u0442\u043e\u043d&#8221;.<\/li>\n<li>\u041f\u043e\u0440<u>\u0430<\/u> \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432<u>\u0430<\/u>\u0442\u044c <span style=\"background-color:yellow;border-bottom:1px dotted lime;border-right:1px dotted lime\" title=\"\u00ab\u043a\u0443\u043f\u044e\u0440\u0430\u00bb = ''piece of paper currency; bill'' -- distinguished from \u00ab\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0430\u00bb, ''metal coin''\">\u043a\u0443\u043f<u>\u044e<\/u>\u0440\u0443<\/span> \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d<u>\u0430<\/u>\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0435\u0432\u044f\u043d<u>\u043e<\/u>\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0432\u044f\u0442<u>\u0438<\/u> \u0440\u0443\u0431\u043b<u>\u0435<\/u>\u0439.<\/li>\n<li>\u0423 \u0445\u043e\u0440<u>\u043e<\/u>\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0437<u>\u044f<\/u>\u0439\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434<u>\u0430<\/u> \u0433\u0440<u>\u044f<\/u>\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0439 <span style=\"background-color:yellow;border-bottom:1px dotted lime;border-right:1px dotted lime\" title=\"a glazed ceramic \u00ab\u043f\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043a\u0430\u00bb (''tile''), or such tiling collectively\">\u043a<u>\u0430<\/u>\u0444\u0435\u043b\u044c<\/span> \u0432 \u0432<u>\u0430<\/u>\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0440\u0436<u>\u0430<\/u>\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0440<u>\u0430<\/u>\u043d\u044b, \u043a<u>\u0443<\/u>\u0445\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043b<u>\u0438<\/u>\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0442<u>\u0430<\/u>\u0437\u044b.<\/li>\n<li>\u0411\u043e\u0431\u0440<u>\u044b<\/u>, <span style=\"background-color:yellow;border-bottom:1px dotted lime;border-right:1px dotted lime\" title=\"\u00ab\u043e\u0431\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c\u00bb means ''to stain with tobacco smoke'', but \u00ab\u043e\u0431\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f\u00bb, in slang, is ''to get high from a smokable drug''\">\u043e\u0431\u043a\u0443\u0440<u>\u0438<\/u>\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f<\/span> \u0430\u043b\u044c\u043f<u>\u0438<\/u>\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0432<u>\u043e<\/u>\u0439, <span style=\"background-color:yellow;border-bottom:1px dotted lime;border-right:1px dotted lime\" title=\"remember, this Verb Of Motion signifies ''riding around for pleasure's sake [but not to get somewhere]'' -- and can be used with skates, skis, canoes, etc.\">\u043a\u0430\u0442<u>\u0430<\/u>\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f<\/span> \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0432<u>\u0435<\/u>\u0434\u044f\u0445.<\/li>\n<li>\u0412 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0437<u>\u0438<\/u>\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u043c<u>\u043e<\/u>\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u043b<u>\u0438<\/u>\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0433\u0440<u>\u043e<\/u>\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440<u>\u044f<\/u>\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043c<u>\u0435<\/u>\u043d\u044c.<\/li>\n<li>\u041d<u>\u0430<\/u>\u0448\u0430 \u0433\u043b<u>\u0430<\/u>\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b<u>\u0435<\/u>\u043c\u0430 &#8212; <span style=\"background-color:yellow;border-bottom:1px dotted lime;border-right:1px dotted lime\" title=\"''dandruff''\">\u043f<u>\u0435<\/u>\u0440\u0445\u043e\u0442\u044c<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li><u>\u0415<\/u>\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0432<u>\u0430<\/u> \u043c<u>\u0430<\/u>\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0431\u0451\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043c<u>\u0435<\/u>\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e <span style=\"background-color:yellow;border-bottom:1px dotted lime;border-right:1px dotted lime\" title=\"\u00ab\u043f\u0430\u0447\u043a\u0430\u0442\u044c\u00bb = ''to smear\/soil something (with a messy substance)'' -- \u00ab\u0417\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043c \u0442\u044b \u0434\u0436\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0430\u0447\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0448\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0443\/\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0438\/\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d?\u00bb, ''Why are you smearing jam on the wall\/wallpaper\/sofa?''\">\u043f<u>\u0430<\/u>\u0447\u043a\u0430\u044e\u0442<\/span> \u043d\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0432<u>\u0438<\/u>\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0431<u>\u0435<\/u>\u043b\u0443\u044e \u0440\u0443\u0431<u>\u0430<\/u>\u0448\u043a\u0443, \u0442<u>\u043e<\/u> \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0451\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442<u>\u0435<\/u>\u0446 \u0441 \u043f<u>\u0430<\/u>\u0447\u043a\u043e\u0439 <span style=\"background-color:yellow;border-bottom:1px dotted lime;border-right:1px dotted lime\" title=\"gen. of \u00ab\u043f*\u0437\u0434\u044e\u043b\u0438\u00bb (pl.), which basically means ''severe f*ckin' spankings''\">\u043f****\u043b\u0435\u0439<\/span>, \u0430 \u0442\u0451\u0442\u044f \u0441 \u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440<u>\u0430<\/u>\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043a<u>\u043e<\/u>\u043c.\n<li>\u041c<u>\u043e<\/u>\u0437\u0433 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434<u>\u0438<\/u>\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 <span style=\"background-color:yellow;border-bottom:1px dotted lime;border-right:1px dotted lime\" title=\"For beginners, \u00ab\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c\/\u0438\u0434\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443-\u043d\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0434\u044c \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u00bb (''to go over to so-and-so's house as a guest'') and \u00ab\u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0443 \u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e-\u043d\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0434\u044c \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0445\u00bb (''be someone's guest'') are absolutely MUST-KNOW constructions!\">\u0445<u>\u043e<\/u>\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u0433<u>\u043e<\/u>\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a<\/span> \u0416\u0435\u043b<u>\u0443<\/u>\u0434\u043a\u0443.<\/li>\n<li>\u041b<u>\u044e<\/u>\u0434\u0438 \u043c<u>\u043e<\/u>\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0432<u>\u0430<\/u>\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0433\u0430\u0440<u>\u0438<\/u>\u043d\u043e\u043c.<\/li>\n<p><\/b>\n<\/ol>\n<\/p>\n<p>I&#8217;d never seen any of the commercials referred to, but I could immediately imagine how most of them went, because the cliches are identical to what I grew up with on American TV. So let&#8217;s first quickly go through their translations before we discuss participles:<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left:20px\"><i>&#8220;Thanks to advertising, we know that&#8230;&#8221;<\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left:20px\"><i> 1. Every young woman in a bright-colored dress carries a two-liter [container] of &#8220;Vanish&#8221; [laundry detergent] in her purse.<br \/>\n2. People living in huge, well-furnished apartments subsist on &#8220;Rollton&#8221; noodles.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>I couldn&#8217;t find the exact ad described in #2, but as you can see in this other &#8220;Rollton&#8221; spot below, the brand is associated with &#8220;Cup Of Ramen&#8221;-style instant noodles &#8212; which is to say, hardly a gourmet item for affluent yuppies:<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\u0420\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0442\u043e\u043d \u043f\u043e-\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/bWIZhbQUxpk?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Continuing with the list:<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left:20px\"><i>3. It&#8217;s time to create a banknote in the denomination of 99 rubles.<br \/>\n4. A good housewife always has dirty tiles in her bathroom, and rust-stained faucets, stovetops, and toilet-bowls.<br \/>\n5. Beavers who&#8217;ve gotten stoned on Alpine herbs ride around on bears.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>I would guess that #5 is based on this ad for <b>\u0437\u0443\u0431\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430<\/b> , which does indeed feature beavers and herbs (but no bears!):<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Colgate Total. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442, \u0431\u043e\u0431\u0451\u0440!\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/vvIkXPf3qKw?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Continuing: <\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left:20px\"><i>6. An enormous talking <\/i>pelmen&#8217;<i> [Siberian meat-dumpling] may take up residence in your freezer.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Presumably, the ad was something similar to this one (YouTube has a number of wacky Russian ads for frozen <i>pelmeni<\/i>, but this was the first example I found in which they actually talked):<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=eLlYvevnEoA\">http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=eLlYvevnEoA<\/a><\/p>\n<p>And: <\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left:20px\"><i> 7. Our most urgent problem is&#8230; dandruff.<br \/>\n8. If two little children deliberately rub dirt all over a hated white shirt, then along comes their aunt with laundry detergent &#8212; not their father with a &#8220;can of whup-ass.&#8221;<\/i><\/p>\n<p>For #8, I managed to find the original commercial on YouTube, albeit not with the original audio!! Rather, this is an example of a <b>\u0433\u043e\u0431\u043b<u>\u0438<\/u>\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432<u>\u043e<\/u>\u0434<\/b> (&#8220;goblin translation&#8221;) &#8212; a slang term for a humorous <b>\u043e\u0437\u0432<u>\u0443<\/u>\u0447\u043a\u0430<\/b> (&#8220;audio over-dubbing&#8221;) of video footage. (In the goblinized version, the little kids deliver a rapid flurry of obscenities and cocaine jokes; obviously <span style=\"color:red;font-weight:bold\">NSFW if you have Russian co-workers<\/span>, though most non-natives will have trouble understanding the bad words):<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=WTeF7Y-CO2Y\">http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=WTeF7Y-CO2Y<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Finally: <\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left:20px\"><i>9. Mr. Brain periodically goes over to Mr. Stomach&#8217;s house.<br \/>\n10. People can have conversations with margarine.<\/i><\/p>\n<h3>Okay, fun&#8217;s over&#8230; now for some grammar!<\/h3>\n<p>As I said, that list features several different Russian <b>\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447<u>\u0430<\/u>\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f<\/b> (&#8220;participles&#8221;) &#8212; in fact, three of the four categories of participle are seen.<\/p>\n<p>We&#8217;ve got the <i>present active participles<\/i> <b>\u0436\u0438\u0432<u>\u0443<\/u>\u0449\u0438\u0435<\/b> (&#8220;which are living&#8221;) and <b>\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440<u>\u044f<\/u>\u0449\u0438\u0439<\/b> (&#8220;which is talking&#8221;) in #2 and #6. #2 also has the the <i>past passive participle<\/i> <b>\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442<u>\u0430<\/u>\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445<\/b> (&#8220;which have been furnished&#8221;). And #5 uses the <i>past active participle<\/i> <b>\u043e\u0431\u043a\u0443\u0440<u>\u0438<\/u>\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f<\/b> (&#8220;which have smoked [drugs]&#8221;). The fourth type, the <i>present passive participle<\/i>, isn&#8217;t represented, but we&#8217;ll get to it in a minute.<\/p>\n<p>First, however, to deal with the obvious question &#8220;What is a Russian  participle and how do they work?&#8221;, there are four main points:<\/p>\n<ol type=\"i\">\n<li>They are formed from verbs, but&#8230;<\/li>\n<li>&#8230;they decline and function like adjectives, showing gender, number, and case in agreement with the nouns that they modify.<\/li>\n<li>They are &#8220;logically equivalent&#8221; to <i>relative clauses<\/i> that begin with <b>\u043a\u043e\u0442<u>\u043e<\/u>\u0440\u044b\u0439<\/b> and express &#8220;which\/that\/who&#8221;.<\/li>\n<li>They are more common in the written language than in colloquial speech.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Regarding that last item, just because participial clauses are &#8220;logically equal&#8221; to <b>\u043a\u043e\u0442<u>\u043e<\/u>\u0440\u044b\u0439<\/b> clauses doesn&#8217;t mean that it&#8217;s always good style to substitute one for the other. Quite often, it <i>is<\/i> better to use <b>\u043a\u043e\u0442<u>\u043e<\/u>\u0440\u044b\u0439<\/b> in speech because a participle would sound too bookish. But there are occasions when the opposite is true:  a participle sometimes sounds very natural in speech, while a <b>\u043a\u043e\u0442<u>\u043e<\/u>\u0440\u044b\u0439<\/b> construction would be clunky. Furthermore, the participles of certain verbs have taken on a completely independent life of their own as free-standing adjectives &#8212; and these &#8220;adjective-ized&#8221; participles are, as you might guess, especially likely to be heard in everyday speech.<\/p>\n<p>So, let&#8217;s take each of the four kinds in turn.<\/p>\n<h3>Present Active Participles<\/h3>\n<p>These express &#8220;which are doing so-and-so,&#8221; and can only be derived from imperfective verbs. Provided that you know the verb&#8217;s basic conjugation, they&#8217;re a cinch to form: Take the 3rd-person plural present, remove the final <b>-\u0442<\/b>, and stick on the suffix <b>-\u0449\u0438\u0439<\/b>. Boom, you&#8217;re done! <\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left:20px\"><b>\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/b> (&#8220;to read&#8221;) \u2192 <b>\u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442<\/b> \u2192 <b>\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044e-<\/b> \u2192 <b>\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439<\/b> (&#8220;which\/who is reading&#8221;)<br \/>\n<b>\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c<\/b> (&#8220;to speak&#8221;) \u2192 <b>\u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0442<\/b> \u2192 <b>\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f-<\/b> \u2192 <b>\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439<\/b> (&#8220;which\/who is speaking&#8221;)<br \/>\n<b>\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c<\/b> (&#8220;to live&#8221;) \u2192 <b>\u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u0443\u0442<\/b> \u2192 <b>\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0443-<\/b> \u2192 <b>\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439<\/b> (&#8220;which\/who is living&#8221;)<\/p>\n<p>If, by chance, the verb you&#8217;re starting with has the <b>-\u0441\u044f<\/b> ending, you put on the end of the participle and it STAYS as <b>-\u0441\u044f<\/b> in all declensional forms &#8212; in other words, it doesn&#8217;t become <b>-\u0441\u044c<\/b> after a vowel. So the present active participle of <b>\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f<\/b> (&#8220;to learn&#8221;) is <b>\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f<\/b> in the masculine nominative singular, and <b>\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0449\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044f<\/b> (not &#8220;\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0449\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044c&#8221;) in the nominative feminine. <\/p>\n<p><b>\u0413\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440<u>\u044f<\/u>\u0449\u0438\u0439<\/b> is an example of a participle that&#8217;s frequent in the spoken language because it&#8217;s become an independent adjective (meaning &#8220;capable of human speech&#8221;), while <b>\u0443\u0447<u>\u0430<\/u>\u0449\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f<\/b> has come into a use as noun that means &#8220;a learner&#8221;.<\/p>\n<h3>Present Passive Participles<\/h3>\n<p>These are arguably even easier to form. You can create them only from verbs that are both imperfective and transitive (which means that no <b>-\u0441\u044f<\/b> verb can have a present passive participle, since they&#8217;re intransitive by definition). Simply take the 1st-person plural present and add the adjective ending <b>-\u044b\u0439<\/b>:<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left:20px\"><b>\u0447\u0438\u0442<u>\u0430<\/u>\u0442\u044c<\/b> (to read) \u2192 <b>\u043c\u044b \u0447\u0438\u0442<u>\u0430<\/u>\u0435\u043c<\/b> \u2192 <b>\u0447\u0438\u0442<u>\u0430<\/u>\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439<\/b> (&#8220;which is being read&#8221;)<br \/>\n<b>\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432<u>\u0430<\/u>\u0442\u044c<\/b> (to close) \u2192 <b>\u043c\u044b \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432<u>\u0430<\/u>\u0435\u043c<\/b> \u2192 <b>\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432<u>\u0430<\/u>\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439<\/b> (&#8220;which is being closed&#8221;)<\/p>\n<p>For the most part, these are uncommon in conversation, but again, &#8220;adjective-ized&#8221; forms are an exception. In particular, there are quite a few present passive participles with the negative prefix <b>\u043d\u0435-<\/b> that have the adjectival meaning &#8220;un-[X]-able.&#8221; For instance:<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left:20px\"><b>\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0441<u>\u0438<\/u>\u0442\u044c<\/b> (&#8220;to pronounce&#8221;) \u2192 <b>\u043c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043d<u>\u043e<\/u>\u0441\u0438\u043c<\/b> \u2192 <b>\u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043d<u>\u043e<\/u>\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0439<\/b> (&#8220;unpronounceable&#8221;)<\/p>\n<h3>Past Active Participles<\/h3>\n<p>These can be theoretically formed from most verbs, whether perfective or imperfective, and whether transitive or intransitive. To make them, start by looking at the masculine singular past form.<\/p>\n<p>If this form ends in <b>-\u043b<\/b>, you remove the <b>-\u043b<\/b> and add <b>-\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439<\/b> (or  <b>-\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f<\/b> if it&#8217;s a reflexive verb):<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left:20px\"><b>\u043f\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f<u>\u0430<\/u>\u0442\u044c<\/b> (&#8220;to buy,&#8221; imperfective) \u2192 <b>\u043e\u043d \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f<u>\u0430<\/u>\u043b<\/b> \u2192 <b>\u043f\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f<u>\u0430<\/u>\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439<\/b> (&#8220;which\/who had been buying&#8221;)<br \/>\n<b>\u043a\u0443\u043f<u>\u0438<\/u>\u0442\u044c<\/b> (&#8220;to buy,&#8221; perfective) \u2192 <b>\u043e\u043d \u043a\u0443\u043f<u>\u0438<\/u>\u043b<\/b> \u2192 <b>\u043a\u0443\u043f<u>\u0438<\/u>\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439<\/b> (&#8220;which\/who had bought&#8221;)<\/p>\n<p>If the masculine past ends in something other than <b>-\u043b<\/b> (or <b>-\u043b\u0441\u044f<\/b>), in most cases you simply add <b>-\u0448\u0438\u0439<\/b> (or <b>-\u0448\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f<\/b>) without removing anything:<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left:20px\"><b>\u0443\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c<\/b> (&#8220;to die,&#8221; perfective) \u2192 <b>\u043e\u043d <u>\u0443<\/u>\u043c\u0435\u0440<\/b> \u2192 <b><u>\u0443<\/u>\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439<\/b> (&#8220;which\/who had died&#8221;)<br \/>\n<b>\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u044c\u0441\u044f<\/b> (&#8220;to get a haircut,&#8221; perfective) \u2192 <b>\u043e\u043d \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0441\u044f<\/b> \u2192 <b>\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0448\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f<\/b> (&#8220;who had gotten a haircut&#8221;)<\/p>\n<p>For certain verbs &#8212; notably some of the Verbs Of Motion &#8212; neither of the above rules will apply. For example, the masc. past of <b>\u0438\u0434\u0442\u0438<\/b> is <b>\u0448\u0451\u043b<\/b>, but the past active participle isn&#8217;t &#8220;\u0448\u0451\u0448\u0438\u0439&#8221;; it&#8217;s <b>\u0448<u>\u0435<\/u>\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0439<\/b>. (Cf. <b>\u0441\u0443\u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448<u>\u0435<\/u>\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0439<\/b>, &#8220;crazy&#8221;, which originated as a participial phrase meaning &#8220;who has gone out out of [his] mind&#8221;). Similarly, the masc. past of <b>\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/b> is <b>\u0432\u0451\u043b<\/b>, but the past active participle is <b>\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0439<\/b>, not &#8220;\u0432\u0451\u0448\u0438\u0439.&#8221; <\/p>\n<h3>Past Passive Participles<\/h3>\n<p>These these can&#8217;t be formed from imperfective verbs, nor from intransitives (including <b>-\u0441\u044f<\/b> verbs). And they&#8217;re the participles that you&#8217;re likely to hear in speech more often than any of the others; among other uses, they are very commonly heard in the &#8220;short form&#8221; after the verb <b>\u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c<\/b> to express a simple passive meaning. For instance, in the sentence <b>\u041a\u043d<u>\u0438<\/u>\u0433\u0430 \u0431<u>\u044b<\/u>\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043f<u>\u0438<\/u>\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430<\/b> (&#8220;The book was written&#8221;), <b>\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430<\/b> is the short feminine form of <b>\u043d\u0430\u043f<u>\u0438<\/u>\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439<\/b>, the past passive participle meaning &#8220;which had been written.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>And as fate would have it, the rules for creating past passive participles are rather more complicated than the other three types. In fact, for this post, we&#8217;ll consider only the most common patterns, and save the exceptions-to-the-exceptions for another time. (Also, we&#8217;ll ignore the issue of stress-shifts, and only look at the spellings.)<\/p>\n<p>To form them, you generally begin by looking at the infinitive.<\/p>\n<p>If the infinitive ends in <b>-\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/b> or <b>-\u044f\u0442\u044c<\/b>, then in most cases you remove the <b>-\u0442\u044c<\/b> and add <b>-\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left:20px\"><b>\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441<u>\u0430<\/u>\u0442\u044c<\/b> (&#8220;to write&#8221;) \u2192 <b>\u043d\u0430\u043f<u>\u0438<\/u>\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439<\/b> (&#8220;which has been written&#8221;)<br \/>\n<b>\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/b> (&#8220;to read&#8221;) \u2192 <b>\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439<\/b> (&#8220;which has been read&#8221;)<\/p>\n<p>If the infinitive ends in <b>-\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/b> or <b>-\u0442\u0438<\/b> or <b>-\u0447\u044c<\/b>, then remove the <b>-\u0448\u044c<\/b> from the 2nd-person singular future, and add <b>-\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left:20px\"><b>\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/b> (&#8220;to bring&#8221;) \u2192 <b>\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0451\u0448\u044c<\/b> \u2192 <b>\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439<\/b> (&#8220;which has been brought&#8221;)<br \/>\n<b>\u0432\u044b\u043f\u0435\u0447\u044c<\/b> (&#8220;to bake&#8221;) \u2192 <b>\u0442\u044b \u0432<u>\u044b<\/u>\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0448\u044c<\/b> \u2192 <b>\u0432\u044b\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439<\/b> (&#8220;which has been baked&#8221;)<\/p>\n<p>For <b>-\u0435-<\/b> conjugation verbs with infinitives ending in <b>-\u0438\u0442\u044c<\/b> or <b>-\u044b\u0442\u044c<\/b> or <b>-\u0435\u0442\u044c<\/b>, remove ONLY the <b>-\u044c<\/b>, and add <b>-\u044b\u0439<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left:20px\"><b>\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431<u>\u0438<\/u>\u0442\u044c<\/b> (&#8220;to break&#8221;) \u2192 <b>\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431<u>\u0438<\/u>\u0442\u044b\u0439<\/b> (&#8220;which\/who has been broken&#8221;)<br \/>\n<b>\u043f\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0442\u044c<\/b> (&#8220;to wash&#8221;) \u2192 <b>\u043f\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0439<\/b> (&#8220;which\/who has been washed&#8221;)<br \/>\n<b>\u043e\u0434<u>\u0435<\/u>\u0442\u044c<\/b> (&#8220;to dress [someone]&#8221;) \u2192 <b>\u043e\u0434<u>\u0435<\/u>\u0442\u044b\u0439<\/b> (&#8220;which\/who has been dressed&#8221;)<\/p>\n<p>For <b>-\u0438-<\/b> conjugation verbs with infinitives ending in <b>-\u0438\u0442\u044c<\/b>, remove the <b>-\u044e\/-\u0443<\/b> from the 1st-person singular future, and add <b>-\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439<\/b> (or <b>-\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439<\/b>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left:20px\"><b>\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c<\/b> (&#8220;to buy&#8221;) \u2192 <b>\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043f\u043b<u>\u044e<\/u><\/b> \u2192 <b>\u043a<u>\u0443<\/u>\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439<\/b> (&#8220;which has been bought&#8221;)<br \/>\n<b>\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442<u>\u0430<\/u>\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c<\/b> (&#8220;to furnish&#8221;) \u2192 <b>\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442<u>\u0430<\/u>\u0432\u043b\u044e<\/b> \u2192 <b>\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442<u>\u0430<\/u>\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439<\/b> (&#8220;which has been furnished&#8221;)<br \/>\n<b>\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0442<u>\u0438<\/u>\u0442\u044c<\/b> (&#8220;to bless, consecrate&#8221;) &#8212;&gt; <b>\u044f \u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449<u>\u0443<\/u><\/b> \u2192 <b>\u043e\u0441\u0432<u>\u044f<\/u>\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439<\/b>  (&#8220;which has been consecrated&#8221;)<\/p>\n<p>And that doesn&#8217;t even completely cover past passive participles (nor the general rules for how participial phrases can be used in writing), but I think that&#8217;s enough for now. Hope you had a little fun with it!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The title of the post is drawn from a list of &#8220;Stupid TV Commercial Cliches&#8221; that I found on a Russian humor site. I got a kick out of it because &#8220;idiotic advertising&#8221; has been a staple of English-language humor for generations, but in Russian, poking fun at consumerism is mostly a post-Soviet development. Apart&hellip;<\/p>\n<p class=\"post-item__readmore\"><a class=\"btn btn--md\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/russian\/lady-says-to-talking-margarine-participles\/\">Continue Reading<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":94,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":""},"categories":[3,8,7827],"tags":[385637,11475,257556,173117,257557],"class_list":["post-4407","post","type-post","status-publish","hentry","category-culture","category-language","category-russian-life","tag-russian-humor","tag-russian-participles","tag-russian-tv-commercials","tag-verb-conjugations","tag-verbs-and-their-grammar-2"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/russian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4407","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/russian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/russian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/russian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/94"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/russian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4407"}],"version-history":[{"count":40,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/russian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4407\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4414,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/russian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4407\/revisions\/4414"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/russian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4407"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/russian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4407"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/russian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4407"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}