{"id":4689,"date":"2013-04-24T08:00:15","date_gmt":"2013-04-24T08:00:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/russian\/?p=4689"},"modified":"2014-07-17T19:25:55","modified_gmt":"2014-07-17T19:25:55","slug":"i-get-knocked-down-but-i-get-up-again","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/russian\/i-get-knocked-down-but-i-get-up-again\/","title":{"rendered":"I get knocked down, but I get up again…"},"content":{"rendered":"

In last week’s post, I mistakenly used the verb \u0441\u0432\u0430<\/span>\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\/\u0441\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438<\/span>\u0442\u044c<\/b> with the meaning “to physically knock down” — which seemed logical to me because, after all, the root verb \u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438<\/span>\u0442\u044c<\/b> means “to topple” and the noun \u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435<\/span>\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a<\/b> refers to “fallen tree branches.” Regular reader Fitzmat corrected me that \u0441\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\/\u0441\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c<\/b>, despite its etymology, is not generally used in reference to literal, physical falling, but instead has various figurative senses.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/div>\n

But that got me thinking about the general concepts of “up” and “down”, of “ascending” and “lifting”, of “falling” and “dropping,” and how they’re expressed in Russian. Translating them isn’t always simple because words like “up” and “down” have so many non-literal, idiomatic uses in English — “What’s up, doc?” doesn’t signify “What is elevated?”, for instance. So in this post we’ll be sticking with the more literal senses that relate to physical “highness” and “lowness.”<\/p>\n

To begin with, the nouns \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445<\/b> and \u043d\u0438\u0437<\/b> respectively mean “the top” and “the bottom”, with the corresponding adjectives \u0432\u0435<\/span>\u0440\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0439<\/b>, “upper”, and \u043d\u0438<\/span>\u0436\u043d\u0438\u0439<\/b>, “lower”. (But in the context of clothing, these adjectives mean “outer” versus “inner” — so \u043d\u0438<\/span>\u0436\u043d\u044f\u044f \u043e\u0434\u0435<\/span>\u0436\u0434\u0430<\/b> doesn’t mean “clothing worn on the legs”; it means “clothing worn under other clothes.”)<\/p>\n

And various important adverbs derive from the nouns \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445<\/b> and \u043d\u0438\u0437<\/b>, expressing both static position (\u00ab\u0433\u0434\u0435?\u00bb<\/b>) and motion towards (\u00ab\u043a\u0443\u0434\u0430?\u00bb<\/b>) or away from (\u00ab\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0443\u0434\u0430?\u00bb<\/b>):<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0413\u0434\u0435?<\/i><\/b><\/td>\n\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443<\/span><\/b> — up, to the top, upstairs
\n\u0432\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443<\/span><\/b> — at the top
\n\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0443<\/span><\/b> — below, at the bottom, downstairs from<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u041a\u0443\u0434\u0430<\/span>?<\/i><\/b><\/td>\n\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0435<\/span>\u0440\u0445<\/b> — up, to the top, (to) upstairs
\n\u0432\u0432\u0435<\/span>\u0440\u0445<\/b> — upwards, towards the top, upstream
\n\u0432\u043d\u0438<\/span>\u0437<\/b> — down, downward, downstream, (to) downstairs<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u041e\u0442\u043a\u0443<\/span>\u0434\u0430?<\/i><\/b><\/td>\n\u0441\u0432\u0435<\/span>\u0440\u0445\u0443<\/b> — from the top; downwards
\n\u0441\u043d\u0438<\/span>\u0437\u0443<\/b> — from the bottom, upwards<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Here are some examples of how they’re used.<\/p>\n

\u041e\u043d\u0438<\/span> \u0436\u0438\u0432\u0443<\/span>\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443<\/span>.<\/b>
\nThey live upstairs.<\/p>\n

If you mean that someone lives exactly<\/i> one floor above you (not on some unspecified upper floor), you can be more clear by saying, instead:<\/p>\n

\u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438<\/span>\u0441 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u0451\u0442 \u0432\u044b<\/span>\u0448\u0435 \u043d\u0430<\/span>\u0441 \u044d\u0442\u0430\u0436\u043e<\/span>\u043c.<\/b>
\nBoris lives above us by (one) floor.<\/p>\n

Similarly, with downstairs neighbors, you can use \u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0443<\/span><\/b> (“somewhere downstairs”) or \u043d\u0438<\/span>\u0436\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0430\u0436\u043e<\/span>\u043c<\/b> (“one floor down”) as appropriate.<\/p>\n

And if you decide to make a living as a \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u043e<\/span>\u0439\u043d\u0438\u043a<\/b> (“armed robber, bandit”), here are two must-know expressions:<\/p>\n

\u0420\u0443<\/span>\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u0432\u0435<\/span>\u0440\u0445 — \u0436\u0438<\/span>\u0437\u043d\u044c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043b\u0451\u043a!<\/b>
\nHands in the air — your life or your wallet!<\/p>\n

As we’ll discuss \u043d\u0438<\/span>\u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u044d<\/span>\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0431\u043b\u043e<\/span>\u0433\u0435<\/b> (“below, further down in this blog-post”), you can use an actual verb to express “raise one’s hand,” but with the command \u0440\u0443<\/span>\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445!<\/b>, the meaning is totally clear without a verb!<\/p>\n

\u041b\u044f\u0433\u0443<\/span>\u0448\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u044b\u043b\u0430<\/span> \u0432\u043d\u0438<\/span>\u0437 \u043f\u043e \u0440\u0435\u043a\u0435<\/span>.<\/b>
\nThe frog was swimming down the river (i.e., with the current).<\/p>\n

In some contexts, the \u0433\u0434\u0435?<\/b> adverbs listed in the first row can also be used prepositionally with the genitive case to show location:<\/p>\n

\u0425\u0440\u0430<\/span>\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e<\/span>\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443<\/span> \u0433\u043e\u0440\u044b<\/span>.<\/b>
\nThe temple is located on top of the mountain.<\/p>\n

Also, the adverb \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445<\/b> can be followed by the instrumental nouns \u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c<\/b> (“with the bottom part”) or \u043d\u043e\u0433\u0430<\/span>\u043c\u0438<\/b> (“with the legs”) to express the meaning “upside down”, often in the figurative sense of “in total disorder”:<\/p>\n

\u0412\u0441\u0451 \u0431\u044b<\/span>\u043b\u043e \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445 \u043d\u043e\u0433\u0430<\/span>\u043c\u0438.<\/b>
\nEverything was topsy-turvy.<\/p>\n

Going up! Second floor, mens’ wear…<\/h3>\n

Now that we’ve looked a bit at “up” and “down” in the adverbial<\/i> sense, how do you express “to go up” or “to climb down” with Russian verb constructions?<\/p>\n

As you probably know, Russian “Verbs of Motion” (VOMs) can be modified with a large number of prefixes to indicate the directionality of the motion. And, in fact, there are two specific prefixes that express “upward” and “downward”: \u0441-<\/b> (or \u0441\u043e-<\/b>) means “down” and \u0432\u0437-<\/b> (or \u0432\u043e\u0437-<\/b>, \u0432\u0441-<\/b>, \u0432\u043e\u0441-<\/b>) means “up.”<\/p>\n

HOWEVER<\/span>, in normal colloquial Russian one rarely uses prefixed VOMs with the everyday physical meanings “go up” or “descend” or “carry down”, etc. Even though these prefixed forms exist, they tend to have more specialized or abstract senses. For example, \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438<\/span>\u0442\u044c\/\u0432\u0437\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0438<\/span><\/b> can be used in etymological context with the translation “to trace back to an ancestral word\/language”:<\/p>\n

\u042d<\/span>\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e<\/span>\u0432\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0445\u043e<\/span>\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u043b\u0430\u0442\u044b<\/span>\u043d\u0438.<\/b>
\nThis verb goes back to (derives from) Latin.<\/p>\n

But you wouldn’t normally use \u0432\u0437\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0438<\/span><\/b> to mean, for example, “The girl climbed up the ladder.”<\/p>\n

Similarly, \u0441\u044a\u0435\u0436\u0437\u0430<\/span>\u0442\u044c\/\u0441\u044a\u0435<\/span>\u0445\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/b> could theoretically express “to drive down from the mountains,” but in colloquial speech you’re more likely to see it in this sense:<\/p>\n

\u041c\u044b \u0441\u044a\u0435<\/span>\u0445\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441 \u0448\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0435<\/span> (\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e<\/span>\u0433\u0443).<\/b>
\nWe turned off the highway (onto a side road).<\/p>\n

For students of Russian, the most important verbs by far are…<\/p>\n

\u0421\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/span>\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f<\/span>\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f<\/h3>\n

\u0421\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430<\/span>\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f\/\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/span>\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f<\/b> (“to go down, to climb down, to descend”) and \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f\/\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f<\/b> (“to go up, to climb up, to rise”) are both must-knows because of their sheer versatility and non-specificness — you can correctly use them even in situations where more nuanced verbs exist. And, very<\/i> conveniently, you don’t need to fuss about the difference between “on foot” or “by vehicle”, which is a characteristic of VOMs.<\/p>\n

So, for example, you can use \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430<\/span>\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f\/\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f<\/span>\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f<\/b> whether you’re talking about a person climbing a ladder, or a rocket ascending into the sky, or yeast-dough rising, or a flag going up a pole, etc. The respective nouns for these verbs are \u0441\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a<\/b>, “a descent; the act of lowering” and \u043f\u043e\u0434\u044a\u0451\u043c<\/b>, “a rise; a raising; an ascent”.<\/p>\n

The imperfectives are pretty easy to conjugate: \u044f \u0441\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430<\/span>\u044e\u0441\u044c, \u0442\u044b \u0441\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430<\/span>\u0435\u0448\u044c\u0441\u044f…<\/b> and \u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430<\/span>\u044e\u0441\u044c, \u0442\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430<\/span>\u0435\u0448\u044c\u0441\u044f…<\/b>. On the other hand, the perfectives are a little harder because they both feature stress-shifts and spelling-changes in the stem. Here’s here’s how the perfectives conjugate:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f<\/span>\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f<\/b> (perf.:<\/i> “to go up, to climb up, to rise”)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Past<\/i><\/td>\n\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f<\/span>\u043b\u0441\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0430<\/span>\u0441\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f<\/span>\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f<\/span>\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nsing.<\/i><\/td>\npl.<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1st<\/i><\/td>\n\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0443<\/span>\u0441\u044c<\/b><\/td>\n\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438<\/span>\u043c\u0435\u043c\u0441\u044f<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2nd<\/i><\/td>\n\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438<\/span>\u043c\u0435\u0448\u044c\u0441\u044f<\/b><\/td>\n\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438<\/span>\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0441\u044c<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3rd<\/i><\/td>\n\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438<\/span>\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f<\/b><\/td>\n\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438<\/span>\u043c\u0443\u0442\u0441\u044f<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Imperative<\/i><\/td>\n\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438<\/span>\u0441\u044c<\/span>!, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438<\/span>\u0442\u0435\u0441\u044c!<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/span>\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f<\/b> (perf.:<\/i> “to go down, to climb down, descend”)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Past<\/i><\/td>\n\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/span>\u043b\u0441\u044f, \u0441\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/span>\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c, -\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c, -\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nsing.<\/i><\/td>\npl.<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1st<\/i><\/td>\n\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0449\u0443<\/span>\u0441\u044c<\/b><\/td>\n\u0441\u043f\u0443<\/span>\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0441\u044f<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2nd<\/i><\/td>\n\u0441\u043f\u0443<\/span>\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0448\u044c\u0441\u044f<\/b><\/td>\n\u0441\u043f\u0443<\/span>\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0441\u044c<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3rd<\/i><\/td>\n\u0441\u043f\u0443<\/span>\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f<\/b><\/td>\n\u0441\u043f\u0443<\/span>\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0441\u044f<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Imperative<\/i><\/td>\n\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/span>\u0441\u044c<\/span>!, \u0441\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/span>\u0442\u0435\u0441\u044c!<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Mouse over the yellow text for a little pop-up reminder about forming imperatives. And by the way, notice that \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f<\/span>\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f<\/b>, being a \u00ab\u0415\u00bb<\/b>-type verb, has a stem change throughout<\/i> the future perfect, while \u0441\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/span>\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f<\/b>, being an \u00ab\u0418\u00bb<\/b>-type verb, has a consonant mutation in the 1st-singular ONLY.<\/p>\n

Pick it up, put it down<\/h3>\n

As we know, verbs with the reflexive -\u0441\u044f<\/b> ending are always intransitive (i.e., they can’t take an accusative direct object). So, naturally, you might wonder what happens when you take off the -\u0441\u044f<\/b>. Answer: you get verbs with the same general “up\/down” meanings, but in transitive senses.<\/p>\n

Thus, \u0441\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u044c\/\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c (+ acc.)<\/i><\/b> can be translated “to let down, to lower, to intentionally<\/i> drop (someone or something)”, while \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c\/\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c (+acc.)<\/i><\/b> is “to pick up, to lift, to raise (someone or something).” Here are some examples of the intransitives (“to go<\/i> up\/down”) and the transitives (“to put<\/i> up\/down”) in use:<\/p>\n

\u0423\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438<\/span>\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f<\/span>\u043b \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e<\/span> \u0440\u0443<\/span>\u043a\u0443.<\/b>
\nThe schoolboy raised his hand.<\/p>\n

\u0411\u0430<\/span>\u0431\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0430<\/span> \u043c\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435<\/span>\u043d\u0446\u0430 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0443<\/span>\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/span>\u043b\u0430 \u0435\u0433\u043e<\/span> \u043d\u0430<\/span> \u043f\u043e\u043b.<\/b>
\nGrandma picked the infant up from the chair and set him down on the floor.<\/p>\n

\u041a\u043e\u0437\u0430<\/span> \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430<\/span>\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430<\/span> \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0443, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430<\/span> \u043c\u044b<\/span> \u0441\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430<\/span>\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432\u043d\u0438<\/span>\u0437 \u043d\u0430 \u043b\u044b<\/span>\u0436\u0430\u0445.<\/b>
\nThe she-goat was climbing up the mountain while we were skiing down.<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u041c\u043e<\/span>\u0439 \u043a\u043e<\/span>\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0445\u043e<\/span>\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/span>\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0434\u0435<\/span>\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430!\u00bb<\/b>
\n“My cat doesn’t want to come down from the tree!”<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u0429\u0430\u0441, \u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0443<\/span>\u0441\u044c \u043f\u043e \u043b\u0435<\/span>\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430<\/span>\u043d\u0443 \u043a\u043e<\/span>\u0442\u0430.\u00bb<\/b>
\n“Hang on, I’ll climb up the ladder and get the cat.”<\/p>\n

\u041c\u0430\u0440\u0438<\/span>\u044f \u0441\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430<\/span>\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e<\/span> \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e<\/span>\u0434\u0435\u0446.<\/b>
\nMaria is lowering the bucket into the well.<\/p>\n

\u041f\u043e\u0440\u0430<\/span> \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f<\/span>\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f<\/span> \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435<\/span>\u043b\u0438, \u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044f<\/span>\u0439!<\/b>
\nTime to get out of bed, lazybones!<\/p>\n

\u041a\u0430<\/span>\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0435\u043c\u0443<\/span> \u0433\u0440\u0443<\/span>\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e — \u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430<\/span>\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430<\/span>\u0435\u043c\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f<\/span>\u0442\u044c \u0443 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e<\/span> \u0434\u0443<\/span>\u0445<\/span>!<\/b>
\nHe seems to be sad — let’s try to lift his spirit(s)!<\/p>\n

In the last example, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f<\/span>\u0442\u044c<\/b> is used in a rather abstract way, and the verb has other figurative uses, such as \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f<\/span>\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e<\/span>\u0433\u0443<\/b>, “to raise an alarm.” And \u0441\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/span>\u0442\u044c<\/b>, too, has various meanings that aren’t translatable as “to put down” — for example, \u0421\u0435\u0433\u043e<\/span>\u0434\u043d\u044f \u0441\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430<\/span>\u044e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0430<\/span>\u0431\u043b\u044c<\/b>, “They are launching a ship today,” or \u041c\u0430<\/span>\u043b\u044c\u0447\u0438\u043a \u0441\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/span>\u043b \u0432\u043e<\/span>\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445 \u0438\u0437 \u043c\u044f<\/span>\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430<\/b>, “The boy let the air out of the ball.”<\/p>\n

P.S. If you’re curious about the translation of the “Tubthumping” lyrics in the title of the post, my guess is that it would probably be something closer to \u041c\u0435\u043d\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044c\u044e\u0442 \u0441 \u043d\u043e\u0433, \u0430 \u044f \u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044e…<\/b> (“they knock me off my feet, but I stand again…”)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\"\"

In last week’s post, I mistakenly used the verb \u0441\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\/\u0441\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c with the meaning “to physically knock down” — which seemed logical to me because, after all, the root verb \u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c means “to topple” and the noun \u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a refers to “fallen tree branches.” Regular reader Fitzmat corrected me that \u0441\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\/\u0441\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c, despite its etymology, is not generally…<\/p>\n

Continue Reading<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":94,"featured_media":4703,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":""},"categories":[8,7828],"tags":[3528,1290,257587,111747],"class_list":["post-4689","post","type-post","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-language","category-russian-for-beginners","tag-adverbs","tag-russian-verbs","tag-up-and-down","tag-useful-russian-phrases"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/russian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4689","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/russian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/russian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/russian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/94"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/russian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4689"}],"version-history":[{"count":23,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/russian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4689\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6577,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/russian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4689\/revisions\/6577"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/russian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4703"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/russian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4689"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/russian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4689"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/russian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4689"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}