{"id":7551,"date":"2016-12-05T19:42:59","date_gmt":"2016-12-05T19:42:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/?p=7551"},"modified":"2018-08-09T14:12:07","modified_gmt":"2018-08-09T14:12:07","slug":"the-mysterious-swedish-sk","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/the-mysterious-swedish-sk\/","title":{"rendered":"The mysterious Swedish &#8220;sk&#8221;"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Swedish pronunciation is known by language learners as having rather particular rules, but rules nonetheless. The idea is that once you&#8217;ve mastered the rules, you can pronounce most words naturally without having heard them pronounced by someone else.<\/p>\n<p>The pronunciation of the consonant combination &lt;<strong>sk<\/strong>&gt; in Swedish is one thing that often trips up learners of Swedish. In many cases, it will be pronounced exactly as it is spelt. In other cases, though, it&#8217;s pronounced as the infamous Swedish <em>sj<\/em>-sound. But when do we use the <em>sk<\/em> pronunciation, and when do we use the <em>sj<\/em> pronunciation?<\/p>\n<p>The rules are relatively simple, though there are a few exceptions &#8211; but no worries about the exceptions: they are so few that there&#8217;s no need to think about whether a new word is pronounced as an exception or not.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Rule 1:<\/span>\u00a0 If the &lt;sk&gt; is <strong>followed by a hard vowel<\/strong>, the pronunciation is <strong>\/sk\/<\/strong>, i.e. exactly as it is spelt. The <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">hard vowels<\/span> are <strong>&lt;a&gt;<\/strong>, <strong>&lt;o&gt;<\/strong>, <strong>&lt;u&gt;<\/strong>, and <strong>&lt;\u00e5&gt;<\/strong>. Examples of sk + each of the hard vowels:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><em>ska<\/em> &#8211; will, as in: <em>Jag <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">ska<\/span> tr\u00e4ffa henne idag.<\/em> &#8211; I <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">will<\/span> (am going to) meet with her today.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><em>en skola<\/em> &#8211; a school;<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><em>skulle<\/em> &#8211; would, as in: <em>Jag <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">skulle<\/span> hj\u00e4lpa honom, om jag kunde.<\/em> &#8211; I <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">would<\/span> help him, if I could.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><em>en sk\u00e5l<\/em> &#8211; a bowl. (Or, <em>Sk\u00e5l!<\/em> as in &#8220;Cheers!&#8221; when drinking.)<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-playlist wp-audio-playlist wp-playlist-light\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-playlist-current-item\"><\/div>\n\t\t<audio controls=\"controls\" preload=\"none\" width=\"640\"\n\t\t\t><\/audio>\n\t<div class=\"wp-playlist-next\"><\/div>\n\t<div class=\"wp-playlist-prev\"><\/div>\n\t<noscript>\n\t<ol>\n\t\t<li><a href='https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2016\/12\/ska.mp3'>ska<\/a><\/li><li><a href='https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2016\/12\/en-skola.mp3'>en skola<\/a><\/li><li><a href='https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2016\/12\/skulle.mp3'>skulle<\/a><\/li><li><a href='https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2016\/12\/en-sk\u00e5l-Sk\u00e5l.mp3'>en sk\u00e5l; Sk\u00e5l!<\/a><\/li>\t<\/ol>\n\t<\/noscript>\n\t<script type=\"application\/json\" class=\"wp-playlist-script\">{\"type\":\"audio\",\"tracklist\":true,\"tracknumbers\":true,\"images\":false,\"artists\":false,\"tracks\":[{\"src\":\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2016\/12\/ska.mp3\",\"type\":\"audio\/mpeg\",\"title\":\"ska\",\"caption\":\"\",\"description\":\"\\\"ska\\\". Genre: Other.\",\"meta\":{\"genre\":\"Other\",\"length_formatted\":\"0:01\"},\"image\":{\"src\":\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/audio.svg\",\"width\":48,\"height\":64},\"thumb\":{\"src\":\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/audio.svg\",\"width\":48,\"height\":64}},{\"src\":\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2016\/12\/en-skola.mp3\",\"type\":\"audio\/mpeg\",\"title\":\"en skola\",\"caption\":\"\",\"description\":\"\\\"en-skola\\\". Genre: Other.\",\"meta\":{\"genre\":\"Other\",\"length_formatted\":\"0:01\"},\"image\":{\"src\":\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/audio.svg\",\"width\":48,\"height\":64},\"thumb\":{\"src\":\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/audio.svg\",\"width\":48,\"height\":64}},{\"src\":\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2016\/12\/skulle.mp3\",\"type\":\"audio\/mpeg\",\"title\":\"skulle\",\"caption\":\"\",\"description\":\"\\\"skulle\\\". Genre: Other.\",\"meta\":{\"genre\":\"Other\",\"length_formatted\":\"0:01\"},\"image\":{\"src\":\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/audio.svg\",\"width\":48,\"height\":64},\"thumb\":{\"src\":\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/audio.svg\",\"width\":48,\"height\":64}},{\"src\":\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2016\/12\/en-sk\\u00e5l-Sk\\u00e5l.mp3\",\"type\":\"audio\/mpeg\",\"title\":\"en sk\\u00e5l; Sk\\u00e5l!\",\"caption\":\"\",\"description\":\"\\\"en-skal-skal\\\". Genre: Other.\",\"meta\":{\"genre\":\"Other\",\"length_formatted\":\"0:03\"},\"image\":{\"src\":\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/audio.svg\",\"width\":48,\"height\":64},\"thumb\":{\"src\":\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/audio.svg\",\"width\":48,\"height\":64}}]}<\/script>\n<\/div>\n\t\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Rule 2:<\/span>\u00a0 If the &lt;sk&gt; is <strong>followed by a soft vowel<\/strong>, the pronunciation is <strong>\/sj\/<\/strong>. The <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">soft vowels<\/span> are <strong>&lt;e&gt;<\/strong>, <strong>&lt;i&gt;<\/strong>, <strong>&lt;y&gt;<\/strong>, <strong>&lt;\u00e4&gt;<\/strong>, and <strong>&lt;\u00f6&gt;<\/strong> &#8211; i.e. the vowels which are not categorized as hard vowels. Examples of sk + each of the soft vowels:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><em>ett skepp<\/em> &#8211; a ship;<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><em>att skicka<\/em> &#8211; to send;<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><em>en skylt<\/em> &#8211; a sign (e.g. in front of a building);<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><em>att sk\u00e4ra<\/em> &#8211; to cut;<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><em>sk\u00f6n<\/em> &#8211; nice (i.e. to describe something which feels nice).<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-playlist wp-audio-playlist wp-playlist-light\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-playlist-current-item\"><\/div>\n\t\t<audio controls=\"controls\" preload=\"none\" width=\"640\"\n\t\t\t><\/audio>\n\t<div class=\"wp-playlist-next\"><\/div>\n\t<div class=\"wp-playlist-prev\"><\/div>\n\t<noscript>\n\t<ol>\n\t\t<li><a href='https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2016\/12\/ett-skepp.mp3'>ett skepp<\/a><\/li><li><a href='https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2016\/12\/att-skicka.mp3'>att skicka<\/a><\/li><li><a href='https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2016\/12\/en-skylt.mp3'>en skylt<\/a><\/li><li><a href='https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2016\/12\/att-sk\u00e4ra.mp3'>att sk\u00e4ra<\/a><\/li><li><a href='https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2016\/12\/sk\u00f6n.mp3'>sk\u00f6n<\/a><\/li>\t<\/ol>\n\t<\/noscript>\n\t<script type=\"application\/json\" class=\"wp-playlist-script\">{\"type\":\"audio\",\"tracklist\":true,\"tracknumbers\":true,\"images\":false,\"artists\":false,\"tracks\":[{\"src\":\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2016\/12\/ett-skepp.mp3\",\"type\":\"audio\/mpeg\",\"title\":\"ett skepp\",\"caption\":\"\",\"description\":\"\\\"ett-skepp\\\". Genre: Other.\",\"meta\":{\"genre\":\"Other\",\"length_formatted\":\"0:01\"},\"image\":{\"src\":\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/audio.svg\",\"width\":48,\"height\":64},\"thumb\":{\"src\":\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/audio.svg\",\"width\":48,\"height\":64}},{\"src\":\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2016\/12\/att-skicka.mp3\",\"type\":\"audio\/mpeg\",\"title\":\"att skicka\",\"caption\":\"\",\"description\":\"\\\"att-skicka\\\". Genre: Other.\",\"meta\":{\"genre\":\"Other\",\"length_formatted\":\"0:01\"},\"image\":{\"src\":\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/audio.svg\",\"width\":48,\"height\":64},\"thumb\":{\"src\":\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/audio.svg\",\"width\":48,\"height\":64}},{\"src\":\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2016\/12\/en-skylt.mp3\",\"type\":\"audio\/mpeg\",\"title\":\"en skylt\",\"caption\":\"\",\"description\":\"\\\"en-skylt\\\". Genre: Other.\",\"meta\":{\"genre\":\"Other\",\"length_formatted\":\"0:01\"},\"image\":{\"src\":\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/audio.svg\",\"width\":48,\"height\":64},\"thumb\":{\"src\":\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/audio.svg\",\"width\":48,\"height\":64}},{\"src\":\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2016\/12\/att-sk\\u00e4ra.mp3\",\"type\":\"audio\/mpeg\",\"title\":\"att sk\\u00e4ra\",\"caption\":\"\",\"description\":\"\\\"att-skara\\\". Genre: Other.\",\"meta\":{\"genre\":\"Other\",\"length_formatted\":\"0:01\"},\"image\":{\"src\":\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/audio.svg\",\"width\":48,\"height\":64},\"thumb\":{\"src\":\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/audio.svg\",\"width\":48,\"height\":64}},{\"src\":\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2016\/12\/sk\\u00f6n.mp3\",\"type\":\"audio\/mpeg\",\"title\":\"sk\\u00f6n\",\"caption\":\"\",\"description\":\"\\\"skon\\\". Genre: Other.\",\"meta\":{\"genre\":\"Other\",\"length_formatted\":\"0:01\"},\"image\":{\"src\":\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/audio.svg\",\"width\":48,\"height\":64},\"thumb\":{\"src\":\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/audio.svg\",\"width\":48,\"height\":64}}]}<\/script>\n<\/div>\n\t\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Rule 3:<\/span>\u00a0 There are some exceptions, but only very few:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><em>en m\u00e4nniska<\/em> &#8211; a person, a human being. Here, the &lt;sk&gt; is pronounced \/sj\/, despite preceding a hard vowel.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><em>en skiss<\/em> &#8211; a sketch (i.e. a sketched drawing). Here, the &lt;sk&gt; is pronounced as spelt, \/sk\/, despite preceding a soft vowel.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><em>ett skelett<\/em> &#8211; a skeleton. Just as with <em>skiss<\/em>, the &lt;sk&gt; in <em>skelett<\/em> is pronounced \/sk\/, despite preceding a soft vowel.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-playlist wp-audio-playlist wp-playlist-light\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-playlist-current-item\"><\/div>\n\t\t<audio controls=\"controls\" preload=\"none\" width=\"640\"\n\t\t\t><\/audio>\n\t<div class=\"wp-playlist-next\"><\/div>\n\t<div class=\"wp-playlist-prev\"><\/div>\n\t<noscript>\n\t<ol>\n\t\t<li><a href='https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2016\/12\/en-m\u00e4nniska.mp3'>en m\u00e4nniska<\/a><\/li><li><a href='https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2016\/12\/en-skiss.mp3'>en skiss<\/a><\/li><li><a href='https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2016\/12\/ett-skelett.mp3'>ett skelett<\/a><\/li>\t<\/ol>\n\t<\/noscript>\n\t<script type=\"application\/json\" class=\"wp-playlist-script\">{\"type\":\"audio\",\"tracklist\":true,\"tracknumbers\":true,\"images\":false,\"artists\":false,\"tracks\":[{\"src\":\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2016\/12\/en-m\\u00e4nniska.mp3\",\"type\":\"audio\/mpeg\",\"title\":\"en m\\u00e4nniska\",\"caption\":\"\",\"description\":\"\\\"en-manniska\\\". Genre: Other.\",\"meta\":{\"genre\":\"Other\",\"length_formatted\":\"0:02\"},\"image\":{\"src\":\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/audio.svg\",\"width\":48,\"height\":64},\"thumb\":{\"src\":\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/audio.svg\",\"width\":48,\"height\":64}},{\"src\":\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2016\/12\/en-skiss.mp3\",\"type\":\"audio\/mpeg\",\"title\":\"en skiss\",\"caption\":\"\",\"description\":\"\\\"en-skiss\\\". Genre: Other.\",\"meta\":{\"genre\":\"Other\",\"length_formatted\":\"0:01\"},\"image\":{\"src\":\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/audio.svg\",\"width\":48,\"height\":64},\"thumb\":{\"src\":\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/audio.svg\",\"width\":48,\"height\":64}},{\"src\":\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2016\/12\/ett-skelett.mp3\",\"type\":\"audio\/mpeg\",\"title\":\"ett skelett\",\"caption\":\"\",\"description\":\"\\\"ett-skelett\\\". Genre: Other.\",\"meta\":{\"genre\":\"Other\",\"length_formatted\":\"0:01\"},\"image\":{\"src\":\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/audio.svg\",\"width\":48,\"height\":64},\"thumb\":{\"src\":\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/audio.svg\",\"width\":48,\"height\":64}}]}<\/script>\n<\/div>\n\t\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Rule 4:<\/span>\u00a0 When a word ends in <em>-skt<\/em>, the \/k\/ can be dropped completely in everyday speech. For example:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><em>Dramatiskt<\/em> (neuter form of <em>dramatisk<\/em>, &#8220;dramatic&#8221;) can be pronounced as \/drama:tiskt\/, with the &lt;k&gt; pronounced, or as \/drama:tist\/, without the &lt;k&gt; pronounced.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Similarly, <em>svenskt<\/em> (neuter form of <em>svensk<\/em>, &#8220;Swedish&#8221;) can be pronounced either \/svenskt\/ or \/svenst\/ in everyday speech. This applies to all <em>-skt<\/em> endings.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-playlist wp-audio-playlist wp-playlist-light\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-playlist-current-item\"><\/div>\n\t\t<audio controls=\"controls\" preload=\"none\" width=\"640\"\n\t\t\t><\/audio>\n\t<div class=\"wp-playlist-next\"><\/div>\n\t<div class=\"wp-playlist-prev\"><\/div>\n\t<noscript>\n\t<ol>\n\t\t<li><a href='https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2016\/12\/dramatiskt.mp3'>dramatiskt<\/a><\/li><li><a href='https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2016\/12\/svenskt.mp3'>svenskt<\/a><\/li>\t<\/ol>\n\t<\/noscript>\n\t<script type=\"application\/json\" class=\"wp-playlist-script\">{\"type\":\"audio\",\"tracklist\":true,\"tracknumbers\":true,\"images\":false,\"artists\":false,\"tracks\":[{\"src\":\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2016\/12\/dramatiskt.mp3\",\"type\":\"audio\/mpeg\",\"title\":\"dramatiskt\",\"caption\":\"\",\"description\":\"\\\"dramatiskt\\\". Genre: Other.\",\"meta\":{\"genre\":\"Other\",\"length_formatted\":\"0:04\"},\"image\":{\"src\":\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/audio.svg\",\"width\":48,\"height\":64},\"thumb\":{\"src\":\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/audio.svg\",\"width\":48,\"height\":64}},{\"src\":\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2016\/12\/svenskt.mp3\",\"type\":\"audio\/mpeg\",\"title\":\"svenskt\",\"caption\":\"\",\"description\":\"\\\"svenskt\\\". Genre: Other.\",\"meta\":{\"genre\":\"Other\",\"length_formatted\":\"0:04\"},\"image\":{\"src\":\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/audio.svg\",\"width\":48,\"height\":64},\"thumb\":{\"src\":\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/audio.svg\",\"width\":48,\"height\":64}}]}<\/script>\n<\/div>\n\t\n<p>Now you&#8217;re ready to tackle any &lt;sk&gt; you come across! Good luck \ud83d\ude42<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Swedish pronunciation is known by language learners as having rather particular rules, but rules nonetheless. The idea is that once you&#8217;ve mastered the rules, you can pronounce most words naturally without having heard them pronounced by someone else. The pronunciation of the consonant combination &lt;sk&gt; in Swedish is one thing that often trips up&hellip;<\/p>\n<p class=\"post-item__readmore\"><a class=\"btn btn--md\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/the-mysterious-swedish-sk\/\">Continue Reading<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":62,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":""},"categories":[364877,3079],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7551","post","type-post","status-publish","hentry","category-pronunciation","category-swedish-language"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.0.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Swedish pronunciation is known by language learners as having rather particular rules, but rules nonetheless. The idea is that once you&#039;ve mastered the rules, you can pronounce most words naturally without having heard them pronounced by someone else. 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The idea is that once you&#039;ve mastered the rules, you can pronounce most words naturally without having heard them pronounced by someone else. The pronunciation of the consonant combination in Swedish is one thing that often trips up\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/blogs.transparent.com\/swedish\/the-mysterious-swedish-sk\/\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2016-12-05T19:42:59+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2018-08-09T14:12:07+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"The mysterious Swedish \u201csk\u201d | Swedish Language Blog\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"Swedish pronunciation is known by language learners as having rather particular rules, but rules nonetheless. The idea is that once you&#039;ve mastered the rules, you can pronounce most words naturally without having heard them pronounced by someone else. 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