Weak verbs. Norwegian has both svake verber (endings are added to the root of the verb to form the past tense-preteritum) and sterke verber (this involves a vowel change in the root and there is often no ending at all). There are many fewer sterke verber than there are svake verber, so I recommend familiarizing yourself with the sterke verber and then it is safe to assume the rest are svake. Keep in mind that you cannot tell by looking at a verb whether it is sterk or svak. Additionally, rather than memorizing each form of svake verber, it is much easier to memorize the pattern and then be able to recognize when and how to use it.
There are 4 different endings for svake verber: et, te, de, dde
The following are examples of svake verber:
VERB CLASS INFINITIV (infinitive) PRETERITUM (past tense)
-ET vaske (wash), danse (dance) vasket, danset
the root ends in 2 consonants
-TE spise (eat), drømme (dream) spiste, drømte
the root ends in 1 consonant or
some specific 2 consonant combos (ll, mm, nn, ng, nk)
-DE greie (be able, manage), prøve (try) greide, prøvde
root ends in a v or a diphthong such as ‘ei’
-DDE snu (turn), skru (screw) snudde, skrudde
root ends in a long or stressed vowel
In my next post, I will go over sterke verber and then you will be able to start getting familiar with them. For now, you can start getting used to the patterns to use with svake verber!
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Comments:
BM:
Den -et gruppa kan også slutte med -a i preteritumet:
vaske – vasker – vaska – vaska
danse – danser – dansa – dansa
Flest folk bruker den -a formen muntlig, men kanskje flere bruker den -et formen skriftlig?
Kari:
Isn’t the ‘a’ ending instead of the ‘et’ ending on a verb essentially slang or at least not traditional bokmål? The Norwegians I have heard use that are either from western Norway, northern Norway, or central Norway, and thus do not typically speak traditional bokmål anyway. Correct me if I am wrong please, BM.
BM:
“Isn’t the ‘a’ ending instead of the ‘et’ ending on a verb essentially slang or at least not traditional bokmål?”
The -a ending has been on an equal footing with the -et ending since the 1938 reform (it may have been valid earlier, but as a side-form). It’s not slang, it’s the result of different sound changes happening in Norwegian compared to Danish (or at least most of Norwegian to most of Danish). It wouldn’t normally be used in traditional bokmål (although there is on-going research around this outlined in Språknytt), being more at home in the radical form.
“The Norwegians I have heard use that are either from western Norway, northern Norway, or central Norway, and thus do not typically speak traditional bokmål anyway.”
Oslo dialect uses the -a form. I can’t really speak for other dialects in the east, unfortunately.
You’re right that they don’t speak bokmål, but many write using bokmål (especially in the larger towns/cities [Bergen for example]). No-one in Norway (or very very few people) actually speak bokmål, or nynorsk for that matter. These languages are for written use only. Many people speak forms of Norwegian which a closer to one or the other, of course, but no-one, not even Sunnmøringer, speaks a one of them.