English Language Blog

How is your English swearing coming along? If you have been following the English blog over the past few days then you know that we have been covering the topic in full force.

Today we will take a look at some of the specific swear words used in British-English. While many of the same swear words and phrases that are used in American-English are the same in British-English, a few extras and differences exist. This list is by no means a full list of the swear words that exist but it is enough to get you started.

• bloody hell = The meaning on this one changes a bit depending on the way you say it. So, if a car passes really close by someone you don’t know, almost hitting them, you might say “bloooody hell!” meaning “sheesh.” But if you hit your thumb with a hammer when you were trying to hang a painting, you might shout “bloody hell!” and this time it means something more like f**k!
• piss off/bugger off/sod off = As swearing goes this is pretty mild and basically just means “go away.” You can also use it when someone irritates you and you no longer want to continue discussing things with them (but are happy for them to remain right where they are).
• slag = Promiscuous woman
• tart = Promiscuous woman (less offensive)
• tosser or wanker = Something along the lines of “jerk” perhaps a tiny bit more offensive.
• bollocks = Quite similar to cr*p

The Two Finger Salute

If you have ever been about to embark on a trip to the United Kingdom and have been receiving some good natured advice from your family and friends you might have been told to be careful with what you do with your fingers. At the time it might have seemed like some odd advice but it was good advice.

Take a moment now and raise your index and middle finger while clenching in your other fingers. Oh go on, no one is looking. Now spread apart the two raised fingers a bit so you have made a “V” shape. Once you have that all set, adjust your hand so that your clenched fingers (the palm side of your hand) are facing you. Congratulations, you have just given someone the two finger salute.

The two finger salute means basically the same thing sticking your middle finger up in America means. The origins of the gesture are a little unclear but the most popular urban legend* is that it stems from a “gesture made by longbowmen fighting in the English army at the Battle of Agincourt (1415) during the Hundred Years’ War. According to the story, the French were in the habit of cutting off the arrow-shooting fingers of captured English and Welsh longbowmen, and the gesture was a sign of defiance on the part of the bowmen, showing the enemy that they still had their fingers .” -Wikipedia

*urban legend = stories that may or may not have been believed by the person passing on the story

Yesterday I introduced you to some of the vocabulary, history, and the cultural context of swearing in the United States (culturally speaking how swearing and freedom of speech are sometimes linked for Americans).  Today I will address some actual swear words that exist in English and how they can be used.  First though, here are a few things you should know about swear words in general.

While swear words in every language are different, they generally fall into one of two categories.  Swear words are usually either deistic (i.e. related to religion) or visceral (i.e. related to the human body and its functions).  In fact these two categories encompass most swear words in English.  Also, swear words come in a gradient of severity from weak to very strong.  Different situations call for different swear words and people of different ages and cultural/religious background in the United States often use different types of swear words with different degrees of severity.  For example young children use very mild swear words, like “poop”, while teenagers and adults may use more swear words and swear words with greater degrees of severity, and older adults may use some older less-used swear words or replacement swear words (I will be addressing replacement swear words in tomorrow’s post!).

Whatever type of swear words a person uses they are most often used as an instinctive response to something painful and unexpected (like accidentally hitting your foot on something) or something upsetting (like being cut off by another driver in traffic).  Sometimes swear words in English are not used to express pain or being upset though, but instead they are used as an expression of surprise or used for emphasis.  Here is a very interesting fact about swear words in English.  Swear words are the only words in the English language that can be used as infixes!  You probably know what a prefix is (a word part added to the beginning of a base word to create a word with a different meaning, e.g. refill) and what a suffix is (a word part placed after the stem of a word to add meaning to the word, e.g. dancing) but in English you may never have heard of an infix (a word/word part that is inserted within a root word).  This is because they don’t exist in English like other languages, except for swear words!  Swear words are used as infixes in words in English to show emphasis and emotion.  They are generally used in very casual colloquial speech (not in a work setting).  When a swear word is used as an infix in English it is called an “expletive infix.”  Here are some examples:

un-f**king-believable = unbelievable or I can’t believe it!
ir-f**king-responsible = irresponsible or How irresponsible!
and my personal favorite:
Cinder-f**king-ella = Cinderella (a fairytale princes) = She is acting like such a princess!

The most common expletive infix in English is f**k.  This is also one of the more common swear words in English too.  You should know that this is generally considered a strong swear word in English.  Although some people use the f-word casually and often, most people do not.  Below I have listed other one-word swear words in English, like the f-word, that are often used to express pain, irritation/upset, emphasis, and surprise.  Be sure to note the varying levels of strength these different words carry with them.  You don’t accidentally want to use a very strong swear word in the wrong situation and with the wrong company.  Also, keep in mind religious related swear words carry an extra connotation with them that may be offensive if they are used around people who have strong religious convictions.  When in doubt use a less strong swear word.  Tomorrow I will also give you some great swear word substitutes that English speakers use to express the same emotions as they so with swear words, just without being offensive.

Common one-word swears in English:

Very mild: d*mn, b*lls
Mild: cr*p
Moderate: sh*t, *ss
Strong: f**k, *sshole

Religious: h*ll, god, Jesus, Christ

In closing, let me just say that swear words in English are not all that common, even if they do seem to be common in American movies and television.  One analyses of recorded conversations among native English speakers reveal that people say around 80 swear words each day.  That is 0.5% of all the words spoken in a day.  People of course vary in their use of swear words from  0% to around 3%. In comparison, first-person plural pronouns (we, us, our) make up 1% of spoken words in conversation among English speakers.  (This information about the prevalence of the use of swear words in English was taken from:  The Utility and Ubiquity of Taboo Words, written by T. Jay in 2009 and published in Perspectives on Psychological Science.)