A lot of people heard about Katyń Massacre, but not everyone knows really what was it about. Today I will give you an overview and details about this very sad and cruel moment in Polish history.

In 1918, Poland regained her independence after enduring three partitions and domination for 123 years by Russia, Prussia, and Austria. Barely 21 years later, on September 1, 1939 Nazi Germany invaded Poland from the west, triggering the Second World War. On September 17, the Soviet Union, in cooperation with the Nazis and without a declaration of war, invaded and occupied eastern Poland. Thus (tym samym, w ten sposób), Poland was partitioned a fourth time. In spite of having been only partially mobilized because of strong pressure from its Allies, England and France, Polish forces valiantly fought both invaders for weeks before being overwhelmed and forced to lay down their arms.

Both occupiers ruled by terror against the Polish people. The Soviets deported some 1.5 million Polish citizens to Siberia. They seized some 250,000 Polish military personnel and sent over 20,000 army, navy, air force and frontier-guard officers to three prison camps in the Soviet Union: Kozielsk, Starobielsk, and Ostashkov. Most of these officers were reservists: doctors (lekarze), professors (profesorowie), school teachers (nauczyciele), lawyers (prawnicy), judges (sędziowie), civil servants (urzędnicy służby cywilnej), priests (księża), ministers (ministrowie), and rabbis (rabini). They were Poland’s leaders and thinkers (przywódcy i myśliciele), the flower of Polish intelligentsia. They were men of all faiths; but to hardened Communists they were class enemies and, therefore, enemies of the Soviet Union.

Through the severe winter of 1939-40, the prisoners (więźniowie) defied (przeciwstawili się) political indoctrination (politycznej indoktrynacji) and endured interrogations (przeżyli przesłuchania) by the Soviet secret police (NKVD) about their backgrounds and their political views (poglądy polityczne). In March they were ordered to gather their belongings and were told they were being returned to Poland. For the next few weeks, day after day, 200-300 of them were taken away by train. They were then transferred to special prison buses, locked singly into cramped cubicles and taken deep into the Russian forests. There, each victim’s hands were tied behind his back and, if he struggled, he was bayoneted and sawdust (trociny) was thrust into his mouth to subdue him. His greatcoat was pulled over his head and a second cord was tied around his neck. The cord was passed down the back, looped around the bound hands, and tied again at the neck so that every move of resistance only tightened the noose (pętla). Then, one-by-one, each prisoner was murdered with a pistol shot to the back of the head.

In June, 1941 Germany turned on its ally (sojusznik) and invaded the Soviet Union. Poland and the Soviet Union now found themselves with a common enemy. The Poles formed an army from the military prisoners who had been expelled (wydaleni) to the Siberian labor camps. However, the whereabouts of the 20,000 murdered officers remained a mystery. Stalin denied any knowledge of their disappearance, even suggesting that they might have escaped and made their way to Manchuria, an obvious impossibility.

In April 1943 in the Katyń Forest, near Smoleńsk in German-occupied Russia, a local peasant led the Germans to a site called Goat Hill. There the Germans found the bodies of nearly 5,000 Polish officer-prisoners who had been in the Kozielsk prison camp. They used this evidence of a massacre as a propaganda weapon (broń propagandowa) against the Soviet Union. In response, the Soviet Union denied any involvement and tried to blame the Germans. The Americans and British, despite strong evidence to the contrary, accepted the Soviet version because the Soviet Union, along with Poland, was their ally in the war against Germany. Poland’s armed forces had grown to be the fourth largest fighting the Nazis. When the Polish Government-in-Exile (Rząd na uchodźstwie) in London requested that the International Red Cross conduct an impartial investigation, Stalin used this as an excuse (wymówka) to break off diplomatic relations with them. He later formed a Communist puppet government in Poland.

During the initial German investigation of the Polish officers’ murders, one of the people brought to the gravesite as a witness to the proceedings was an American Prisoner-of-War, Lieutenant Colonel John Van Vliet, Jr. After his release from captivity (niewola)at the end of the war, he prepared a report in which he concluded that the Soviets were responsible for the murder of the Polish officers found at Katyń. This report, classified TOP SECRET, disappeared. In 1949, at the request of the Department of Defense, Lt. Col. Van Vliet again dictated his report and this time it was made public. In 1951, the US House of Representatives established the “Select Committee to Conduct an Investigation into the Katyń Forest Massacre’. After a 13-month inquiry, the Committee concluded that, beyond any reasonable doubt, the massacre had been committed by the Soviet NKVD.

It was not until the collapse of the Soviet Union that the truth was acknowledged. In 1989, the head of the Communist Party broadly admitted Soviet guilt. In 1991, other mass graves were uncovered near Kharkov and in Mednoye. These graves contained the bodies of the murdered officers from the Starobielsk and Ostashkov camps. In 1992, the Russian President released to Poland secret documents, including the death sentences signed by Stalin and by the head of the NKVD at the time of the atrocities. The world finally knew the truth after 50 years of lies and deception (kłamstwa i oszustwa).

The phrase Katyń Massacre is used to signify the murders at all three of the Soviet camps. These atrocities were a failed attempt by Stalin to forever eliminate all opposition to communist rule in Poland. The free spirit of the Polish people endured through the dark years of communist oppression. Poland now stands as a full partner of the western democracies, a member of NATO and the European Union.

Do następnego razu… (Till next time…)