Formation of Adverbs Posted by Kasia on Feb 23, 2012 in Grammar, Vocabulary
Recently my husband and my daughter had some problems with formatting adverbs, so I thought it will be a great idea for today’s post!
Adverbs (przysłówki) formed from adjectives end in –o or –‘e (with e preceded by softening), for example tanio (cheaply) from tani (cheap), drogo (dearly) from drogi (dear), gęsto (thickly) from gęsty (thick), dobrze (well) from dobry (good), źle (badly) from zły (bad).
Generally speaking, adjectives whose stems end in a soft consonant (miękka spółgłoska) or in k, g, ch take the ending -o; most others, especially adjectives with stems ending in a consonant plus -ny, take -‘e. However, many or even most common adjectives form adverbs in -o regardless of the general pattern, as gęsty gęsto above.
Adverbs have comparative (stopień wyższy) and superlative (najwyższy stopień) forms in -‘ej and naj- + -‘ej, respectively, as in:
ciepły warm, ciepło warmly, cieplej more warmly, najcieplej most warmly
zimny cold, zimno cold, zimniej colder , najzimniej most cold
Some formations are irregular. Here are the positive, comparative and superlative adverbial forms of some common adjectives:
bliski (near), blisko, bliżej, najbliżej
bogaty (rich), bogato, bogaciej, najbogaciej
brzydki (ugly), brzydko, brzydziej, najbrzydziej
chory (sick), choro, bardziej choro, najbardziej choro
ciekawy (interesting), ciekawie, ciekawiej, najciekawiej
częsty (frequent), często, częściej, najczęściej
dobry (good), dobrze, lepiej, najlepiej
duży large, big, dużo, więcej, najwięcej
lekki (light), lekko, lżej, najlżej
pracowity (industrious), pracowicie, bardziej pracowicie, najbardziej pracowicie
wczesny (early), wcześnie, wcześniej, najwcześniej
wysoki (tall, high), wysoko, wyżej, najwyżej
zły (bad), źle, gorzej, najgorzej
Words often occurring with comparatives, both adjectival and adverbial, are jeszcze (even more), coraz (more and more), and o wiele (by a lot):
Ten obraz jest piękny, ale tamten jest jeszcze piękniejszy. That painting is beautiful, but that other one is even more beautiful.
Ona wygląda coraz młodziej. She looks younger and younger.
Pogoda robi się coraz cieplejsza. The weather is getting warmer and warmer.
Ten sos jest o wiele ostrzejszy, niż tamten. That sauce is a lot more spicy than that the other one.
Please let me know if you have questions:)
Tomorrow a little more about non-adjectival adverbs!
Do następnego razu… (Till next time…)
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About the Author: Kasia
My name is Kasia Scontsas. I grew near Lublin, Poland and moved to Warsaw to study International Business. I have passion for languages: any languages! Currently I live in New Hampshire. I enjoy skiing, kayaking, biking and paddle boarding. My husband speaks a little Polish, but our daughters are fluent in it! I wanted to make sure that they can communicate with their Polish relatives in our native language. Teaching them Polish since they were born was the best thing I could have given them! I have been writing about learning Polish language and culture for Transparent Language’s Polish Blog since 2010.
Comments:
Mary Zurawski:
Thank you Kasia. Very well done. I appreciate your explanations about Polish grammar.