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Formation of Adverbs Posted by on Feb 23, 2012 in Grammar, Vocabulary

Recently my husband and my daughter had some problems with formatting adverbs, so I thought it will be a great idea for today’s post!

Adverbs (przysłówki) formed from adjectives end in –o or –‘e (with e preceded by softening), for example tanio (cheaply) from tani (cheap),  drogo (dearly) from drogi (dear), gęsto (thickly) from gęsty (thick), dobrze (well) from dobry (good), źle (badly) from zły (bad).

Generally speaking, adjectives whose stems end in a soft consonant (miękka spółgłoska) or in k, g, ch take the ending -o; most others, especially adjectives with stems ending in a consonant plus -ny, take -‘e. However, many or even most common adjectives form adverbs in -o regardless of the general pattern, as gęsty gęsto above.

Adverbs have comparative (stopień wyższy) and superlative (najwyższy stopień) forms in -‘ej and naj- + -‘ej, respectively, as in:

ciepły warm,  ciepło warmly,  cieplej more warmly,  najcieplej most warmly

zimny cold,  zimno cold,  zimniej colder , najzimniej most cold

Some formations are irregular. Here are the positive, comparative and superlative adverbial forms of some common adjectives:

bliski (near), blisko, bliżej, najbliżej

bogaty (rich), bogato, bogaciej, najbogaciej

brzydki (ugly), brzydko, brzydziej, najbrzydziej

chory (sick), choro, bardziej choro, najbardziej choro

ciekawy (interesting), ciekawie, ciekawiej, najciekawiej

częsty (frequent), często, częściej, najczęściej

dobry (good), dobrze, lepiej, najlepiej

duży large, big, dużo, więcej, najwięcej

lekki (light), lekko, lżej, najlżej

pracowity (industrious), pracowicie, bardziej pracowicie, najbardziej pracowicie

wczesny (early), wcześnie, wcześniej, najwcześniej

wysoki (tall, high), wysoko, wyżej, najwyżej

zły (bad), źle, gorzej, najgorzej

Words often occurring with comparatives, both adjectival and adverbial, are jeszcze (even more), coraz (more and more), and o wiele (by a lot):

Ten obraz jest piękny, ale tamten jest jeszcze piękniejszy. That painting is beautiful, but that other one is even more beautiful.

Ona wygląda coraz młodziej. She looks younger and younger.

Pogoda robi się coraz cieplejsza. The weather is getting warmer and warmer.

Ten sos jest o wiele ostrzejszy, niż tamten. That sauce is a lot more spicy than that the other one.

Please let me know if you have questions:)

Tomorrow a little more about non-adjectival adverbs!

Do następnego razu… (Till next time…)


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About the Author: Kasia

My name is Kasia Scontsas. I grew near Lublin, Poland and moved to Warsaw to study International Business. I have passion for languages: any languages! Currently I live in New Hampshire. I enjoy skiing, kayaking, biking and paddle boarding. My husband speaks a little Polish, but our daughters are fluent in it! I wanted to make sure that they can communicate with their Polish relatives in our native language. Teaching them Polish since they were born was the best thing I could have given them! I have been writing about learning Polish language and culture for Transparent Language’s Polish Blog since 2010.


Comments:

  1. Mary Zurawski:

    Thank you Kasia. Very well done. I appreciate your explanations about Polish grammar.