Phoric pronouns

 

	Singular			Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	is	ea	id	ei (ii)	eae	ea
Accusative	eum	eam	id	eos	eas	ea
Genitive	eius			eorum	earum	eorum
Dative	ei			eis (iis)
Ablative	eo	ea	eo	eis (iis)

 

As the name suggests, its main function is the phoric: it is used to point attention to something that has already been appointed (anaphoric) or something that will be appointed (cataphoric).

But it can also present an emphatic function, especially when it amounts to adjectives talis, tantus … as a correlate of a consecutive sentence:

Non sum is qui morte terrear = I am not such a person that death terrifies me

Lacking Latin language of third person personal pronouns, is pronoun may fulfill this function:

Eum vidi = I saw him

The is phoric pronoun is used, in genitive, as a possessive non-reflexive (when the holder is not the subject of the sentence):

Hannibal cum Romanis pugnavit eorumque exercitum vicit = Hannibal fought the Romans and defeated their (Roman) army

Is pronoun is frequently used as antecedent of relative. If the verb of the relative clause appears in the subjunctive, the value of is is emphatic. If the verb of the relative clause is in the indicative, is purely a phoric pronoun:

E civibus eligi debet is qui civibus imperaturus est = it must be chosen from among citizens who will rule the citizens

Emphatic pronouns

	Singular			Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	ipse	ipsa	ipsum	ipsi	ipsae	ipsa
Accusative	ipsum	ipsam	ipsum	ipsos	ipsas	ipsa
Genitive	ipsius			ipsorum	ipsarum	ipsorum
Dative	ipsi			ipsis
Ablative	ipso	ipsa	ipso	ipsis

 

As the name suggests, its main function is emphatic: it reinforces the grammatical unit that enters. It means ‘self’ or ‘own’:

Ipse vidi = I saw it myself

Ipse dixisti = You said it yourself

Medice, cura te ipsum = Doctor, heal yourself

It is sometimes used as third person pronoun, pointing the original value of opposition that this pronoun had:

Caesar milites in proxima municipia deducit; ipse ad urbem proficiscitur = Caesar led his troops to nearby towns, he, for his part, departed to Rome

 

Phoric-emphatic pronouns

 

	Singular			Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	idem	eadem	idem	eidem (iidem)	eaedem	eadem
Accusative	eundem	eandem	idem	eosdem	easdem	eadem
Genitive	eiusdem			eorundem	earundem	eorundem
Dative	eidem			eisdem (iisdem)
Ablative	eodem	eadem	eodem	eisdem (iisdem)

Also called pronoun of identity, it has the phoric function (pointing to something that has already been mentioned in the text) and emphatic function (reinforce the designated subject). His translation is ‘the same, same …’

Omnes eadem porta intraverant = they all went through the same door

Is formed like the phoric pronoun (with slight phonetic changes) plus the invariable particle dem (which emphasizes the idea of ​​identity [~ ‘precisely’]).

Is often used to add a new qualification to a noun, similar or opposite:

Vir honestissimus idemque doctissimus = a very honest man and also very wise