In the previous post, I explained what the active participle (AP) اِسمُ الفَاعِل means, when it functions as an adjective and when it is used as a noun, and how it is formed from active verbs. This post is about its derivation from intransitive verbs الأَفْعَال اللازِمَة and complex verbs الأَفْعَال المَزِيْدَة. Also, I will explain the exaggerative/repetitive form of AP صِيْغَةُ المُبَالَغَة, and how AP and its exaggerative form affect the parsing الإِعْرَاب of words that follow them.

Simple Intransitive Verbs and the Active Participle:

In the case of فَرِحَ and ضَخُمَ, which I cited in the previous post, we can see that the middle letter of the first has kasrah, while the second has DHammah. Also, they are both intransitive (i.e. they don’t need an object to form a meaningful sentence). For these reasons, deriving AP from them and other verbs with similar medial diacritical mark, take different forms, as in the table below.

Is there a rule for this? Yes, to some extent.

Concerning the verbs that belong to the same group as فَرِحَ with respect to the diacritics, If the verb expresses a casual happening/event, as in the verbs in blue in the table, the AP is the same in form as the verb, except for the final diacritical mark, which can be fatHah, DHammah, or kasarah or the corresponding tanween should the word be نَكِرَة nakirah ‘indefinite’.

If the verb refers to quantity, that is something or someone is full of or devoid of something, as in جَوِعَ ‘to be hungry’ and شَبِعَ ‘to be full’, the AP is formed by adding ان to the end of the verb. Also, the kasrah of the middle letter changes to sukoon, hence جَوِعَ and شَبِعَ become جَوْعَان and شَبْعَان.

If the verb indicates colors or appearances, as in حَمِرَ ‘to become red’ or عَوِرَ ‘to become blind’, the AP is derived by adding hamzah to the start of the verb as well by changing the internal diacritics, therefore حَمِرَ becomes أَحْمَر and عَوِرَ becomes أَعْوَر.

As to the verbs that belong to the same group as ضَخُمَ and كَبُرَ, that is the medial letter has DHammah, there are a few ways to derive the AP. However, the most common are: 1) using the same form of the verb except for the middle diacritical mark. It changes from DHammah to sukoon, thus ضَخُمَ  becomes  ضَخْم, and 2) adding ي after the second letter and changing the DHammah of the middle letter to kasrah, so كَبُرَ become كَبِيْر.

Complex Arabic Verbs and the Active Participle:

The complex Arabic verb الفِعْلُ المَزِيْد is the verb that includes one, two, or three letters-of-addition (هـ، ن، أ، و، ت، س، ل، ي، م) besides the three letters of root. Therefore, the complex verb can be رُبَاعِي ‘of four letters’, خُمَاسِي ‘of five letters’, or سُدَاسِي ‘of six letters.’ رُبَاعِي is verbs like سَامَحَ ‘to forgive’ and أَخْرَج ‘to direct a movie’; خُمَاسِي  is verbs like اِنْتَقَلَ ‘to move’ and تَعَلَّمَ ‘to learn’; سُدَاسِي is verbs like اِسْتَخْرَجَ ‘to extract’ and اِسْتَمَرَّ ‘to continue’.

Derivation of the AP from these verbs is straightforward and regular. First, we conjugate these verbs with third person singular masculine in the present, hence the above verbs become يُسَامِح, يُخْرِج, يَنْتَقِل, يَتَعَلَّم, يَسْتَخْرِج, and يَسْتَمِرّ, respectively. When forming the AP, we drop the يـ of the present and replace it with مُ (م with DHammah) and adding kasrah to the letter that is before the final letter of the verb if it is not already there. So, the AP from these verbs are مُسَامِح – مُخْرِج – مُنْتَقِل – مُتَعَلِّم – مُسْتَخْرِج – مُسْتَمِرّ. Here are more examples:

If the pre-final letter is ي as in يَسْتَرِيْح – مُسْتَرِيْح, the kasrah which is supposed to go with the ي moves to the letter before it. If the pre-final letter is ا as in اِخْتَارَ – يَخْتَار – مُخْتَار ‘to choose’, the kasrah is needless.

Exaggerative Form of AP:

As the name suggests, this type of AP indicates the repetition in doing an action. This is the only feature that distinguishes it from the regular AP. The exaggerative form of AP is derived only from simple verbs الأَفْعَالُ المُجَرَّدَة. There are not specific rules for its derivation; however, there are two common forms of it.

In verbs like شَرِبَ – كَذَبَ – سَرَقَ, two forms of AP can be derived: regular and exaggerative. The regular means that the actor/doer of the action did/does it only once, hence شَارِب – كَاذِب – سَارِق. The repetitive/exaggerative form mean that the actor/does has done/is doing the action repeatedly, so شَرَّاب – كَذَّاب – سَرَّاق.

Similarly, with verbs like صَبَرَ – شَكَرَ – حَقَدَ, two forms of can be derived. The regulars are صَابِر – شَاكِر – حَاقِد, and the action was/is done once. The exaggerative are صَبُوْر – شَكُوْر – حَقُوْد. Therefore, we say مُحَمَّد صَابِر ‘Mohammed is patient’ if he’s patient in one occasion; we say مُحَمَّد صَبُوْر ‘Mohammed is always patient’ when he is always patient or known for being patient.

Parsing and AP:

In terms of parsing إِعْرَاب, i.e. end of words diacritical marking, all forms of AP affect the words that follow them the same way the active verb does. That is, AP that are derived from intransitive verbs have subjects and assign nominative case مَرْفُوْع to them, while AP that are derived from transitive verbs have both subjects and objects and assign nominative case to the former and accusative case مَنْصُوْب  to the later. This will be elaborated on in a future post.